A Comment on the Road from Colonus Essay

Edward Morgan Forster was an English novelist, short story writer, essayist and librettist. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. Forster’s humanistic impulse toward understanding and sympathy may be aptly summed up in the epigraph to his 1910 novel Howards End: â€Å"Only connect†. In part one of The Road from Colonus, Mr. Lucas and her daughter travelled to Greece, to fulfill his dream which has lasted for 40 years. When they were in a Khan in a small town of Greece, Mr. Lucas discovered a very strange tree which has a stream flow from it. He was very excited and felt that he had found his â€Å"habitant for heart†, so Mr. Lucas wanted to stay there for more time, but his daughter frustrated him and finally they left Greece. In part two, Ethel, Mr. Lucas’s daughter, was about to get married, and she got a parcel from a friend who has been with her during the trip, her friend told Ethel that the tree beside the khan was blow down and all the people there were dead, when Ethel told Mr. Lucas about the tragedy, he seemed totally indifferent to it, and just complained about his house and neighbors. In these two parts, water acted as a very important role. In first part, water stands for passion, energy and it can fresh Mr. Lucas’s old spirits and create a new value for him. So in this situation, water symbolized the reborn of him, but in the second part, fresh water became into dead water, and Mr. Lucas was totally dead in his mind, and what he can do is to complain the reality. There are three groups of people in this novel, one group is Ethel and her friends, they are the representatives of young people in Britain of that period of time, and they have received good education, fostered a strict and strong priority of their country and culture, so when they felt that the common value of their society was being offended, the first reaction is to extinguish the possibility of expansion, that is the reason for their objection of Mr. Lucas’s stay in Greece. In their mind, old people can’t be isolated from the youth and they are supposed to rely on the support of their children and also, their life was being projected by their children. For Mr. Lucas, he is among the old class or weak group of society, on one hand they pursued for independence, and searched for a habitant of heart, so that they could get through the rest days in a very peaceful and independent way, they didn’t want to be interfered by other factors such as children, work, and so on, but on the other hand, the society forbade them to do what they like to, Mr.

Lee’s film & Brokeback Mountain

Ang Lee’s film, Brokeback Mountain, is one of passion, emotional struggle, heartache in relationships and unanswered questions in everyday life. Using a natural setting and authentic attire he examines the tumultuous relationship of two cowboys in a rugged area of Wyoming. The film poses various questions for the viewer, and how one is able to examine life, while fearing suspicion and choices, plagued with guilt and uncertainty.First of all, the main characters Jack Twist and Ennis Del Mar are stereotypical of Western gentlemen during the 1960s, on the outside. Ennis is a soft-spoken man with a chip on his shoulder, while Jack is a loud-mouth rodeo fiend. But, slowly, they find their way together, despite a time when homosexuality was seen as a societal ill, particularly in rural America. We know this to be a taboo topic, because it is something that was not widely accepted in mainstream media prior to the release of this film.Several themes throughout the film apply to daily life, as we are able to analyze what drives individuals to difficult decisions. There is a thin line between love and obsession, and the basic human needs of affection, attention and survival all need to be nurtured. Communication is necessary, and divorce may be a result of a combination of lying, deceit and hiding one’s true self (Rose & Urschel 2006). This also proves that the reality of a dilemma can either be found in a one-night stand, or an affair that lasts for decades.Brokeback Mountain allows the viewer a chance to reflect upon our own values of consequence, presenting a very real relationship. When we usher aside our feelings of sexuality between two men, we can understand this to be a universal romance story. This forces us to understand a new knowledge of a bond between humans that transcends gender and stigma, and that, while circumstances may be different for each individual, we are all ultimately striving for happiness and love.This is a story that can be told to future generations to examine morality and life decisions. References Ossana, D. & Schamus, J. (Producers) & Lee, A. (Director). (2005). Brokeback mountain [Motion Picture]. United States: Focus Features. Rose, J. & Urschel, J. (2006). Understanding the complexity of love in brokeback mountain: an analysis of the film and short story. Journal of Men’s Studies, 14(2), 247-251. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier.

A Litte Kindness Goes a Long Way Illustration Essay

A Little Kindness Goes A Long Way Have you ever thought about what happens when people are kind, or how it feels to be filled with benevolence to other human beings? Recently I have found myself being very kind to other people and having concern for their feelings. Time flies by too fast to be hateful or rude to other people. We as humans often underestimate the power of kindness and caring, and don’t take into consideration of other peoples feelings. A simple smile or an honest compliment can change somebody's life.One example of showing kindness or curiosity for somebody elses feelings happened to me at the Country Market, the store i work at. It was about 8:00 p. m. on a tuesday night when I had just finished for the day and was coming home from school and the gym. I stopped at Country Market, and I went inside to get a drink and pay for my gas. The lines for the cash registers were filled on both sides with about 10 customers waiting at each. I was third in line, behind a middle aged man in his 40’s, and finally an elderly man in front of the line was checking out.The elderly man was in his upper 70’s, and he had a handful of groceries. The cashier asked the man if he needed help out, he replied â€Å"No thank you I can take this out myself†. The old man was struggling to get his groceries, and I noticed the middle aged man was hesitating to help him, so I set my drinks down and went up to the counter and grabbed his groceries and took them out. Little did I know when I was carrying out the mans groceries the middle aged man saw my act of kindness, and he paid for my drinks and my forty six dollars in gas.Another example of ways to show kindness and how it can impact other people's lives is just by smiling. The power of smiling is amazing, and it takes little or no effort and does not cost you anything. There is a website called To Write Love On Her Arms. TWLOHA is an anti-suicide non profit organization that aims at random acts of kindness or speaking out to those in need. They have a forum on their website about smiling and there has been a handful of cases where teenagers were thinking about committing suicide or feeling so down that they did not wanna live.These teenagers told their stories on this website and there were two that I read that was very sad. This girl said that she was going to kill herself, and the only reason that she did not is because a random old man opened a door for her at school and said â€Å"Smile it looks beautiful on you†. Now this young woman works for TWLOHA and is helping other people with their problems. Other examples of kind acts giving good karma is a story of an old man that works out at my gym with me by the name Jason Overstreet.Jason told me that he was in the drive through for Taco Bell when he decided to pay for the vehicle behind him. He said â€Å"he felt like a million bucks the rest of the day†. A week or so went on when Jason decided to go back t hrough Taco Bell again when he went to get his food from the drive through window. The girl that was working the window recognized him, and told him â€Å"It was really an amazing thing you started the other day. While you bought that lady’s lunch then she bought the car behind hers.It was like a chain reaction that lasted about 7 cars†. Jason was astonished at what he had started just by one simple act of kindness. Anyone can give random kindness anytime of the day. All they have to do is share a bit of their lives with others, or make a simple smile. When you are kind, you bring joy and happiness into the lives of others, and you will also be happier, too. Share your happiness with others, because happiness and kindness make the world go around. You never know when you can change someone's life with a simple smile.

Portfolio Management Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Management Master - Essay Example Thereafter the effects on smaller securities will be masked by those of larger portfolio. (Gruber 26). This is not to imply that returns will increase with sensitivity to the said factors. Because some factor that are prices cannot be diversified yet are persuasive, they will definitely affect the price returns as opposed to those that are unpriced yet can be diversified. Therefore the distinction of priced and unpriced factors defines the first role of APT in portfolio management. An example of this role in deciding to buy steels that are not persuasive to current prices, is for the APT manager to decide how to buy knowing they will not get extra returns. (Gruber 26), (Anonymous 337 - 352) Secondly, the manager must ensure that there is enough knowledge of choosing steel stocks to cover the extended risks and must also ensures that this risk is spread across several securities. Thus, the APT process must guarantee trade offs as prices make returns sensitive. This means that there is neither a good or bad decision, rather, risk return aim are the most guiding factors. (Gruber 26). Thirdly, APT will influence choice of portfolio depending on income. ... (Gruber 26) Therefore by use of Arbitrage Pricing Theory, the management will lay out a portfolio that considers several factors of influence under the prevailing market conditions. Thereafter priced risks will persuade the investor to take the greatest risk similar to CAPM. Risk will vary with sensitivity of the influences. However the market portfolio has no significance role in the decision of market performance. (Gruber 27). Hypothesis: Whenever the CEO of a company retires, an excess return can be made by buying the company's stock. This hypothesis can be tested by research into the retirement of famous CEO of companies that are listed in the stock exchange markets. Examples of key CEOs who have retired are Lee Raymond from Exxon Mobil (XOM), John Kanas from North Folk Bancorp, Robert Nardelli from Home Depot, Stan O'Neal from Merrill Lynch. A list of up to 50 CEOs who have retired from listed companies will need to be made to make up study of individual retirement and stock sale cases. (Oduma 1) Next research will need to be done to establish which which stocks sales went up or down as soon as the CEO of the respective companies retired from the listed companies. The assumptions to be held are that the stock quantities are stable as well as there price fluctuations. If more than 50% of these results reflect this statement, then the hypothesis can be said to hold. If not then the hypothesis in null. (Oduma 1) A long side this research, there will be need to identify factors that have previously led to increased buying of company stock. In this case, the issue of CEO's retirement will need to

Journalist Martha Rountree Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journalist Martha Rountree - Research Paper Example â€Å"At a time when the female's presence in television production was routinely dismissed as unfeminine, Martha proved that there is not only a niche for the female broadcaster; there is also potential for quality in any commentary regardless of gender†(Martha). Even though, Martha had no college degree, she mesmerized the anchor and journalist profession with her immense abilities and talents. This paper briefly analyses her life and contributions. At the age of sixteen, Martha’s father died which put her in major troubles in finding enough money for the completion of her education. She accepted a job in Columbia Record newspaper, mainly to find enough money for her education. However, she could not finish her college studies because of financial reasons. Since she started her career in a newspaper, she decided to continue her career in journalism and worked for many prominent publications like The Tampa Tribune in Tampa, Florida. In 1938, she resigned from Tampa tri bune and moved to New York City and started her career as a freelance writer. Along with her freelance writing career, she started a production company with the help of her sister which produced singing commercials and transcribed programs in 1944. Martha and her sister Ann succeeded in producing many unique programs which caught the attention of the public at that time. The interviews of women celebrities conducted by Martha and her sister gained much publicity and popularity in America during this period. Her first marriage was to Albert N. Williams, Jr. in 1941 which lasted around seven years and ended in 1948. She had no children in this affair. â€Å"Ms. Rountree married Oliver M. Presbrey in 1952. Mr. Presbrey, an advertising executive, died in 1988† (Files). She had two daughters in this affair. Rountree created a new radio show, called The American Mercury Presents: Meet the Press, on June 24, 1945. However, Meet the Press program which she started on NBC television n etwork, on November 6, 1947 is believed to be her master piece even now. Rountree developed her own ideas and implemented it successfully in this programs which resulted in huge popularity of this program. The major idea of this program was to have public figures respond to irritating questions without prior preparation. People enjoyed the agony and confusion of the celebrities in dealing with the unexpected questions of Martha, very much. Currently meet the press is the longest running television programs in the history of television. It is in the 57th year, at present. President Kennedy once referred to "Meet the Press" as the "fifty-first state," and since the Kennedy presidency, every man who has occupied the Oval Office has appeared on "Meet the Press" during his career. Every Sunday morning for 57 years strong, in times of peace or war, "Meet the Press" is welcomed into the homes of Americans to analyze, discuss and review the news of the week -- and to look ahead to the week to come -- with world-renowned guests (Martha). Foreign policy was the major theme discussed in the meet the press programs while interviewing political celebrities. Some of the prominent world leaders interviewed on this program are; Fidel Castro, Francois Mitterrand, Indira Gandhi, David Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, Ferdinand Marcos, Jean Monnet, Mikhail Gorbachev, Anwar el-Sadat, Yitzhak Rabin, King Hussein of Jordan, Hamid Karzai, Pervez Musharraf, King Abdullah of

Public health and the law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public health and the law - Assignment Example The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act is a constitutional law that permits the federal government to create and supervise new safety standards for vehicles and road traffic safety (RRBC, 2008). The statute was meant to respond to the escalating number of cars and the resultant demises and injuries from accidents. The Highway Safety Act is a constitutional law that was passed to permit the federal government to set standards for motor vehicles and highways. This policy would reduce highway accidents and the associated fatalities significantly. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is a legislative law that was created under the Highway Safety Act. The act outlined various approaches of preventing fatalities related to the operation of motor vehicles (RRBC, 2008). The act designed a campaign to prevent injuries inflicted on the public members by motor vehicles. The administrative law demands that all commercial drivers must possess a CDL. It considers serious commercial vehicle violations like exceeding speed limits and the main vehicle violations such as driving under the influence of alcohol (WTAO, 2009). These laws ratified by the legislature necessitate the covers on motor vehicle against accidents and the relevant liabilities connected to the incidence of the insured peril. This ensures prompt treatment of passengers, pedestrians and rehabilitation of the vehicle. These laws, the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, the Highway Safety Act, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration enabled several changes in the planning of motor vehicles and the highways (WTAO, 2009). The laws defined the relationship between the human, the motor vehicle and the highway to reduce the possibilities of crashing. The new safety features were included in vehicles such as rests, energy-absorbing steering wheels, shatter-resistant windshields and safety belts (WTAO, 2009). The situations of the roads were upgraded by

Medical Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical Rights - Essay Example In addition there are some associations who accomplish affairs such as health farms, consulting rooms or private treatment centers. Such individual corporations are restricted to follow the rule namely, privacy rule covered entities. There are many organizations which posses’ personal information about people and are permitted to expose it. These organizations may be insurance companies, working places, educational institutes, defensive groups or city district offices. These associations are permitted to expose individual’s personal health status, but only for the sack of patient’s health or for some important purpose. These purposes may be for the well consciousness of patient’s health status. This information may also be collected to ensure the condition of patients, as a standard for some organizational or judiciary affairs. The patient’s personal data can also be displayed to some Medicaid or Medicare to aid the patient financially. It can also be exposed for collection of data from the whole community, so that the epidemic infections can be diagnosed by the researchers. Information about the health status of the patient should be protected. This information might be some sort of conversations between the patient and the consulting doctor. The health information shared by the care taker or certain diseases, which have been diagnosed by some laboratories or by means of other parameters, should be secured by the concerned entity. The medical records of the patient in hospitals, working place, or vice versa, must be safe. The demands for payment, checks and receipts are protected by the health care institute. The advices of the doctors are only implemented by the care takers. Therefore it is necessary to share everything with them, but this exchange of knowledge should be very reliable and should be potted without any outflow so that the personal health information

ECOLOGY, SUSTAINABILITY & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Essay

ECOLOGY, SUSTAINABILITY & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT - Essay Example In essence, the principal of sustainability encompasses several significant considerations that are associated with the concept of development as the foundations of this practice aim to work towards the protection of resources for future use. Grierson (2009; p.143) identifies two key objectives of sustainable development which are outlined as the attainment of an enhanced quality of life for all forms of life on Earth and striking a balance between the economic and social activities that are conducted by human beings and the efficient utilization of resources that have been granted by the natural environment. However, the aforementioned definition of sustainable development only represents a fraction of what the notion actually means and what it signifies in relation to the built environment. Indeed, sustainability must be practiced in each and every field to ensure that the planet’s ability to sustain life successfully is prolonged once the protection of natural resources is ensured. Nevertheless, the amalgamation of sustainability in architecture highlights the importance of comprehending the gravity of the situation and exploring areas of observation that require improvement so that the objectives of sustainable development can be achieved. ... Guy (p.126) understands that sustainable design is not merely a topic which needs to be evaluated or critiqued upon by means of abundant literature; this notion is best supported by the fact that even in today’s day and age the quest for uncovering the ideal solution which dictates the best practice of sustainable architecture has not been uncovered yet. Grierson (2009; p.145-146) expounds upon the challenges which are posed by the development of sustainable design by stating that any initiative which aims to work towards the establishment of sustainable communities should examine the several challenges that could arise as a consequence of this decision so that any difficulties or drawbacks are avoided in the future. The evaluation of sustainable design and development frameworks comprises of descriptions of various construction methods and procedures that are characterized by a high demand for quality which in turn encompasses economic, financial, social and environmental fac tors (Grierson 2009; p.146). Grierson (2009; p.146) postulates that the sustainability of a building should be calculated on the basis of its life cycle, which fundamentally implies that the quality of all aspects that are associated with the building must be considered to arrive at thorough conclusions. This notion is also evidenced by the research of Head (2006; p.5) who represents a comprehensive urban development framework by specifically taking into account a sustainable approach that is present in the researcher’s case study of Dong Tan Eco-City. The study recommends the adoption of an integrated approach to value through better design by highlighting the factors that are associated with

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Essay

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals - Essay Example At present, ASCPA is considered as one of the largest animal welfare organization in the world. The organization's top advocacy is the prevention of animal cruelty. It is a non-profit organization privately funded by its members and supporters worldwide. ASPCA spreads the advocacy for animal welfare through efforts of practicing animal care, and assisting the victims of animal cruelty. In line with its mission, ASPCA conducts activities, classes, and seminars that aim to build the relationship between animals and their handlers (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ASPCA, 2011). The ASPCA was able to influence the government to formulate anti-cruelty laws for animals and was given the authority to impose the said law (Schroeder, 2003). One upcoming activity offered by the organization is the "Team up for AAT," class. It will run from September 17th up to November 12th. The registration fee is $320 per person (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Anim als, 2011). This break even analysis is presented to have an idea on the profitability of this of activity. All the amounts reflected in the analysis are only estimation except for the actual price of registration fee which is $320. The period covered for the amount of salaries and benefits is one month. If the enrollees of the class will reach to a hundred, the expected revenue will amount to $32,000. .

Effective Communication Skills in the Organization Assignment

Effective Communication Skills in the Organization - Assignment Example Demonstrate a proficiency in administrative skills required in an organization.Demonstrate a proficiency in administrative skills required in an organization. Proficiency in administrative skills in an organization can be processed in several ways. Â  The simplest form is the ability to understand the communication of the organization’s leader. Â  The ability to operate the computer and type, do emails is a demonstration of administrative skills. Â  The ability to do reports, minutes, proposals and organize one’s workstation is a demonstration of administrative skills. Demonstrate introductory college-level proficiency in one or more of the social sciences. 28 Foremost, a college student must be able to understand the content and extent of the various social sciences. Â  The ability to understand, synthesize and critique various perspectives as put forward by the many theories of social science is a demonstration of introductory college-level proficiency in social science. Â  One must also be able to relate its theories as an explanation of a social phenomenon that is happening around us. Â  Finally, one’s ability to give a reflection or evaluation of a social science theory is a manifestation of proficiency in social science.

Practical Production Supporting Account Essay Example for Free

Practical Production Supporting Account Essay Our aim was to produce a film trailer and our initial ideas were to produce a film aimed at both male and female, young audience. We decided to use a Psychographic approach to deciding and audience, the first thing we decided was to make a mainstream film; this is because this appeals to the largest proportion of the available audience. We felt that we should appeal to an age rang of 15-24; this is because as a member of this age group, we can easily identify what appeals to this age group. We felt that the best way to approach this was to use two specific genres: action and a love. This is because our research showed us that in most successful films aimed at this target audience contained two specific genres. For example the Fast and the Furious mixed action with a secondary love plot, subsequently it was nominated for 11 awards and won 8. After deciding our genres we had to decide which existing conventions to convey and which would most appeal to our target audience. Our secondary research (that was a questionnaire) showed us that we should not include showing stars or directors names and we should not convey a particular confusing or thoughtful plot. We found that we should include conventions such as modern extra-diegetic music and sounds, and use Propps character structure of the hero and the villain. In our production, it was clear that the villain was the hostage taker, and the hero was the police force. It is on the villains side. These values appeal directly to our audience. Our survey result also showed that we should not offer the viewer too much to remember, the film name and release date is enough. Our primary research showed us this also; we can see this in many existing trailers. We also decided to se tension to build suspense by making the lead character seem powerful. We did this by using low angle, dark lit shots, which makes the character seem powerful. This is because we often assume a more powerful person being above us, in for example a court. Power often builds tension because we get a sense of a clash of the titans effect, and a build up to a big ending. A lot of the film orbit around a representation of desperation, which applies to both genres. For example, allot of the shots transitions make them seem disconnected, which represents the disconnection from others in a hostage situation. Another example of this is the darkness. Darkness represents an unknown or a fear, also associated with desperation. We decided to use allot of darkness and shadows to create a sense of fear and tension, when cupped with the particular music gives a strong emotional feel which in our secondary research we found appeals to the target audience and fits in well with the genre. We found that the most common aspect of successful film trailers aimed at a similar target audience was a quick and constant change in shots. This constant contrast keeps the audiences attention. We did this particularly because our audience has been proven to have a low attention span. At looking at previous and existing trailers, they often use the same effect, in that the main character is looking back on the main events of the film and telling the story of the film. This structure often lets the audience get to know the main character more. For example, it the Lord of War trailer, Yuri Orlov (Nicolas Cage) goes through the polot of the film and lets the audience into his personality. In our film however we decided not to do this. We wanted the charictars to be dark and secret, apearing hard on the outside untill the ending of the film. A charictar looking back on the events would not let this. We only made one significant change in that trailer whilst it was being edited, which was the speed of some of the shots, We did this because often a slower movement is often much more dramatic and adds to the emotional feel of the film. Another part of our target audience decisions was to make the trailer appealing to both sexes; we did this by using to main feels to the trailer, power and emotion. We did this by using things such as low angles, low-level lighting and darkness to suggest power and fade effects, slow motion, sunset effects and shadows to convey emotion. Another thing we constantly tried to change was the name. We needed something that represented the film but at the same time simple and effective. Hostage satisfies both these qualities. For example, we used the slow motion when the lead, played by Alex, falls against the wall; it is a very emotional time for him (in the film) and the slow motion coveys this well. The final product, both me and the other members of the team were very pleased with. We felt that especially by using many common conventions made it rely feel like a film trailer. Whether we enjoyed it was because it was designed to appeal to us particularly as members of the target audience is debatable, but overall we were all very pleased with the final product.

The Shield of Achilles Essay Example for Free

The Shield of Achilles Essay The Shield of Achilles is a poem of nine stanzas where the author W.H.Auden has used an episode from the famous Homeric epic ‘Iliad’, as the name suggests. Achilles as we know was the greatest hero of the Trojan War and his shield as mentioned here has its reference in the book eighteen of the Iliad. There Thetis, the sea goddess and Achilles’ mother requests Hephaestus the divine blacksmith to make a shield for Achilles whose armor has been taken away by the Trojan hero Hector when he killed Patroclus to whom Achilles had lent it. Auden here has narrated the episode of the Iliad where this shield is in the making. Interestingly unlike the epical shield which was decorated by Hephaestus with stars and constellation, two beautiful towns full of people, scene of cultivation, a vineyard laden with grapes, herd of cattle, dancing girls and boys, the shield in question presents a scene of lifelessness, destruction and decadence of a moribund society of people. The poem starts with an unnamed woman and a man whom we later identify as Thetis and Hephaestus. She is looking over his shoulder to watch the shield which is being made there. Contrary to her expectations she finds the shield being decorated with barbed wire enclosures and bored officials, weary sentries, detached and dispassionate men folk, a weed-choked-field and a frustrated young boy who knows nothing about love being always exposed to murder and rape. In the poem whenever Thetis peers over the blacksmith’s shoulder hoping to see some beautiful decoration of natural beauty being embossed on the shield, some morbid spectacle is sure to greet her eyes. Finally when Hephaestus leaves after finishing the shield, Thetis is distraught to find a horrific picture which makes Achilles’ doom all the more evident. The poet has used a method of flashback to emphasize the deplorable condition of the modern human society. Whenever Thetis looks over ‘his shoulder’ Auden gives us a glimpse of the beauty of the past by mentioning what she expects to see and what gruesome sights unfold before her. The poem shows a contrast between the ancient world of real heroes and the modern world of debasement. The poet W. H. Auden thus uses the shield of Achilles as a subject but all the beautiful descriptions of Homer have been replaced to show the poet’s disgust with blankness and  shallowness of the modern society.

The Principles Of Derridas Deconstruction

The Principles Of Derridas Deconstruction Derridas deconstruction begins identifying a disjuncture in discursive use of language. When the principle of absolute identity or fixity is sustained as a ground for any form of philosophical inquiry, made possible by the use of language, a particular discourse can present itself as necessary truths, not merely as contingent. This is done to showcase an independent, pure reality, of the presence of things, beings, the subjects of a particular discourse. . However, once a possibility of contamination and unfixity in any one element within a discourse is recognized and accepted, a paradox (aporia) will be exposed and remain within the understanding of a discursive object.- in an example of Deconstruction I will refer to the deconstruction of the speech-writing dichotomy. For Derrida, no discourse can convincingly claim the fixity of identity or consistency once we accept the fact that we are working with language and linguistic signs which functions on a linguistic system constructed differentially out of its relationship with other signs. By marking the gap and the limits of a particular limit through a deconstructive gesture such as a close reading of a text, Derrida aims to destabilize and the scope of a text and inscribe the limit of the a metaphysical mode of thinking metaphysics of presence in philosophical traditions a logocentrism within philosophy. For Derrida, philosophy has created a system of concepts centred on implicit privileging of presence, similar to what Heidegger claims of the primacy of onto-theology in philosophy. Philosophy and the theology of Being inscribed within it, grounds its enterprise on an absolute, a centre, an essence. This provides philosophical discourse an unconditional first cause God, Soul, Atman, Consciousness ,Transcendental Ego. Philosophy in the tradition of Plato right up to Heidegger, affirms this exteriority outside through a false conception of language in which a linguistic sign transparently mediates the transcendental / external world and the self.  [1]  Because of this, Derrida claims that language becomes a proxy of a philosophal discourses metaphysics of presence by affirming and signifying this essence as the external ground for itself.. (I) Differance , trace, and the play of linguistic signifiers To counter the pervasiveness of the metaphysics of presence in Western Philosophy Derrida uses the neologism Differance a playful combination of differ and to defer, to demonstrate that the meaning of a linguistic sign is the simultaneous operation of distinction and temporality. This demonstration is to show that any meaning constructed in language is not fixed but disseminated and cannot be located within a specific core or essence. Differance, also, however paradoxically, provides the conditions of the possibility of meaning of a linguistic sign possible. Differance can also be transposed, through the concept of trace. In Of Grammatology, Derrida critiques Husserls trancendental-phenomenological presupposition of a pure presence of the moment a moment which is pure and complete, independent from all other moments that appears itself in consciousness. In the idea of trace, Derrida shows that consciousness always contain things that are retained from previous moments, therefore a moment cannot consist of other moments separate or independent of itself.  [2]  Trace therefore exposes the absence of a independent, full presence that consciousness can conceive of its meaning.  [3]  As meaning is differential and also a process of referral from term to term, each linguistic signifier has its meaning only through its difference from other signifiers. Meaning is constituted by a network of traces are mutually implicated in one another. It is in this sense Derrida rejects the Sassaurean conception of language constituted of linguistic signs that corresponds to the relationship between the signifier and signified. For Derrida, language is a matter of play between identity and difference within an infinite chain of signifiers. Differance therefore precludes the stability of any linguistic referents as a result there is no external referent to language that language itself can approach for verification. Philosophy, with its medium of language, does not then, Derrida claims, represent a stable Being, presence or reality, more accurately than literature and other forms of linguistic expression. This presents the philosopher with the inescapability of prejudices, intentions and presuppositions presenting multiple ways to describe or proscribe. which cannot be subjected to an objective referent truth, or essence for the linguistic (thus, metaphysical) accuracy of any philosophical expression. Therefore, for Derrida, all attempts to refer to reality are already structured in advance by the workings of our language even ones self is constituted by the language and language-constituting discourses that preexists the self. (ii) Derridas deconstruction of speech over writing Derridas deconstructive project questions the primacy of a transparent language and a rationality that corresponds and addresses philosophical truths by denying the assumption that language conforms to a rational order (that can be apprehended by the cogito) of some external reality apart from human interpretation of various phenomena. For Saussure any linguistic expression is constituted by binary-oppositions for its meaning. Speech and writing the binary forms of language has been, in the history of Western philosophy has been marked by the hierarchy that priviledges speech over writing because speech, is always marked by the presence of the speaker. The speaker, signifying immediacy has been elevated and identified with the presence of Truth. This relation of immediacy and presence of Truth establishes the superiority of speech over writing, in which Truth is obscured in the absence of a speaker.  [4]  Derrida notices that speech/presence and writing/absence form binary opposites in which truth-seeking discourse maintains itself my suppressing writing over speech. This privileging of speech, or a metaphysics of presence accords speech a higher, more primary value as bearing truth-immediacy. In Derridas Of Grammatology, language, the mark of the social that demarcates sociality from mere constituents of nature, Rousseau, claims, language in the form of writing that destroys presence actually reveals languages inability to render absolute presence.  [5]  As Derrida understands Rousseau, writing becomes the auxillary of speech, a supplement that usurps the place of speech by forgetting its mere vicarious role (correspondence to a referent) by making itself pass for the plenitude of speech whose deficiency and infirmity it nevertheless only supplements.  [6]  Rousseau, in trying to disestablish the mediative role language plays between presence and absence, however, for Derrida, is an inescapable fact. The silent play of difference serves as the conditions of both signs and phonemes in a linguistic system, without it, language would be impossible, Derrida claims.  [7]  Writing differs from speech in that it neither presupposes the presence of Being, or of its tr ansparency towards Being. Writing becomes a interpretative exercise enmeshed in a play of interpretations that takes primacy over speech. Since the differentiation of a linguistic sign preceded speech, Derrida gives writing a certain primacy over speech. In the non-transparence of presence in language, every representation is a continual play between absence and presence and any representation does not exceed the phenomena it is purported to signify. As such, Derrida concludes that it is merely impossible to take language, as the venue and means of philosophy, in the hopes of making transparent the relationship between the linguistic signified and signifier.  [8]  Derrida takes this claim a step further to challenge the idea that linguistic signifiers can convey a picture of an extratextual reality thus shrugging of philosophys metaphysical claims that implicitly point towards an extratextual, transcendent truth.. There is nothing outside the text that linguistic signifiers point towards hence there is nothing outside the text- language constructs our world, and that there is nothing outside the text. This slogan can be read also in another way, that the locus of purview of the texts can be cast to include all manner of human actions and interventions, thus disrupting the supposed dichotomy between text and non-text. Therefore, every human action and intervention action, every social relation and differential power relation , every ethico-politcal action belongs to text. However, before embracing the inclusivism of text, one needs to consider even if the pereceived world signified by language exhibit the structure of text, the relations between objects in the world might not necessarily possess the relations of the linguistic type. (iii) What Deconstruction is not/ the limits of deconstruction Deconstruction, in pointing out that every binary opposition is already in deconstruction, cannot then point towards any binary pair that can be seen according to an absolute difference in the system of linguistic signs. A binary on which includes an implicit hierarchical relationship between respective binary-terms (p,41),  [9]  is not governed by a neutral difference inscribed in linguistic rules, but always of a violent, imposed, hierarchy.  [10]   As has been shown, deconstruction is not a general method of reading texts, or interpretation can can be implemented from outside a given text. One can, only possibly think then, perhaps, that deconstruction is somehow a modal predicate, a certain process of causation whereby deconstruction is the cause of the disruption of a binary opposition in linguistic signification. However, Deconstruction helps us illuminate the unfixity of inside/outside relations of any metaphysical limits. Perhaps, it makes sense to say that limits are already in deconstruction. This corresponds, as Derrida had said earlier, that Deconstruction takes place as an event that does not await the deliberation, consciousness, or organization of a subject, or even of modernity. It deconstructs it-self. It can be deconstructed [Ça se dà ©construit]  [11]   Perhaps, then, nothing can exist outside its contexts no existence outside it. Yet, a context itself consists of the possbility of non-closure: a context itself contains an internal logic of closure in which dictates what bounds, frames, encloses and determines any context. This trope necessarily exceeds context. Can a condition and limits of a context ever be determinable? Deconstruction acknowledges boundaries and limits, only to show the subversive ways in which they are called into question what is now taken to be marginal and supplementary now becomes central. What Deconstruction is not, then, a principled method, an ethical generality, an attitude of nonconformity. Deconstruction is not a critique in an epistemic sense, aiming to lead discourse closer to truth by aleatoric gestures, or performing a discursive operation. Again, this characterisation of deconstruction is not to affirm deconstruction of its ontological necessity by way of negative statements about it (a negative metaphysics). Deconstruction is not to question the traditional assumptions of philosophy from another more complete or accurate philosophical system an outside that can be conclusively identified, reducible to an essence. Deconstructive thinking occurs as the disruption and interruption that establishes the outside from the inside. Deconstruction to be distinguished from analysis: which presupposes reduction of entities to simple, essential elements would stand in need of deconstruction: deconstruction is not critique in the Kantian sense.  [12]  Deconstruction would affirm that any deconstructive gestures can also take a posture of metaphysical closure the double refusal of both remaining within the limits of (linguistic) tradition and of the possibility of transgressing that very limit.  [13]   This logic corresponds to the idea that Deconstruction halts every existential signifier by questioning the impossibility of positing every is, a refusal to affirm any presence of any thing that might be taken to affirm a things albeit obscure, essential quality. Deconstruction consists of deconstructing, is to put out of joint,  [14]  Derrida claims, the authority of existential quantifiers. By not actually positing existential qualifiers such as these it may thus illuminate and unsettle what has been taken as a given in logocentric discourse, an unchanging identity, fixatedness of concepts such as justice and politics, or truth itself. All affirmations of the type deconstruction is X is to miss the point that deconstruction is not reducible to any essential feature. (iv) Deconstruction and aporetic thinking As shown earlier, the binary of speech and writing can only be made understandable by a logical contradiction: an aporia. This aporetic moment can be shown only by seeing the speech and writing as opposites and takes the form of something that cannot be explained through standard syllogistic logic. What constitutes a deconstructive gesture therefore, begins with the encounter with an aporia. In this case such encounter can be deconstructive, but it does not, as binary logic does, rule out that deconstruction can be made also philosophical, political and ethical at the same time. Deconstruction becomes the impossible condition of possibility of opposition, such as the opposition of speech over writing in which Derrida, in showing that when writing comes before speech, inverting the traditional Platonic hierarchy of speech over writing, the liberates the concept of writing from the occlusion and oppression, in traditional linguistic systems, of how it can be read as the origin of speech. In accepting the dismantling of the binary distinction of speech over writing, one no longer uses the term writing in the sense of adhering to the conceptual limits that provides writing a certain meaning from within the linguistic structure of an opposition. A realization that a new concept of writing needs to be actualized, even if it is not specifically a concept in a traditional sense employed in a previous linguistic regime (that marks its limits and temporal boundaries )- an impossible condition but a condition of possibility of understanding. As Derrida states which is not really a concept at all inasmuch as the very concept of a concept depends on an idea of difference-as-presence, allowing one to say of something that it is. By means of this double, and precisely stratified, dislodged and dislodging, writing, we must also mark the interval between inversion, which brings low what was high, and the irruptive emergence of a new concept, a concept that can no longer be, and never could be, included in the previous regime .  [15]   (v) Ethical-political responsibilities of Deconstruction Derrida, in deconstruction, therefore does not reduce texts to absurdities he seeks to expose the irreducible undecidable internal tensions and aporias that can negate all certainty imposed in the quest of epistemic certitude that affirms an apprehending subject. Deconstruction opposes syllogistic logic and adopts both/and approaches, where we seek to uncover heterogeneities when there is settled synthesis. At heart of what we take to be the same, then, is already otherness and difference. Therefore, what is dominant the logic of the same, is deeply imperialistic as discursively violent since we cannot do justice to the Other, and the otherness that actually lies within the same as one cannot exhaustively establish metaphysical boundaries that separates the self and the other, internality from exteriority. Negating absoluteness and thereby positing ultimate limits to contain the purity, or essentiability of an object deconstruction questions our ability to render an absolute disti nction between logic and rhetoric, philosophy and literature, theory and practice, ethical and non-ethical actions. To side with one is an act of undecidability, without recourse to an ultimate precedent. This decision in undecidability, even constitutive of it a condition of possibility is one of many ethical aporias beings traverse. By not recognizing the internal limits immutable posited in order to secure a discourse ethics, politics and philosophy intertwine with each other, so too does subjectivity, the Other and community. Any ethical or political action thus includes the responsibility of facing up to an indeterminate other when the violence of institutional categorization (implicit in discourse) is exposed through deconstruction. Deconstruction can be seen as an openness towards an Other of discourse, disrupting any totalizing -centrisms to name a few: phonocentrism, ethnocentrism, or phallagocentrism. In fact,this amorphous responsibility to an indeterminate Other, is the ultimate ethical act when compared to dominant ethical paradigms that the right action can be merely read off a suitable ethical theory or a categorical duty legislated to oneself; as these pregiven injunctions on how to act relinquishes a certain part of moral responsibility constitutive of agency. As Derrida mentions: a decision that comes into being only in a scheme that exceeds the calculable program that would destroy all responsibility [there] can be no moral or political responsibility without this trial and passage by way of the undecidable  [16]   In the ethical implications of the play of presence and absence, there lies the question of how do we attend to our normal ethical responsiblities while not attending to the different, innumerable, Other who, perhaps, have no formal claim to ethical attention and assistance because they are not representable within discursive/linguistic means provides an irreducible aporia if we were to take an ontology of difference seriously. As expressed earlier, deconstruction acknowledges boundaries and limits, but only to show the subversive ways in which they are called into question what is now taken to be peripheral and supplementary now becomes central, giving recognition to what was previously suppressed, or that cannot be represented in any discursive or ethical order. (vi) Deconstruction and Hermeneutics By situating Derrida in dialogue with Gadamers hermeneutics, I believe that we can illuminate how hermeneutics can serve as a propaedeutic to deconstruction. The pervasiveness, then, of differance, provides the impetus of deconstruction to address a pathology: the relentless desire of the cogito or traditions in thinking that desires coherence, unity and harmony. Derrida himself, have been a critic of the metaphysics of presence, but paradoxically, he is as insistent that it is, for us, impossible to abandon, or escape from metaphysics. Deconstruction uses the very metaphysics and linguistic resources it seeks to deconstruct., not stepping out of our historical horizons. In this case Deconstruction echoes the message that Hermeneuticists have been pondering that we are always already interpreting from our own historical traditions in which differance is serves as ontological understanding that within a specific linguistic game. An implicit claim is textual meaning always suppresses alternative meanings, an Other. In Derrida, a text has many different potential meanings not brought to fore while in Gadamer, textual meanings are inexhaustible.  [17]  In understanding, Derrida seeks to find the trace of the Other embedded in the instrinsic violence of dominant meanings. This is also an iterative process Deconstruction does not stop where it has identiified an oppressed Other, in identifying any conception of justice it will always suppress other meanings. Justice contains therefore, the trace of the Other suppressed, an injustice.  [18]   In Hermeneutics, interpretation begins from ones ungrounded horizon a hermeneutic situation in which we cannot escape our metaphysics embedded in our linguitic resources. Gadamer supplants Derridas skepticism of the violence of our pre-understanding and prejudices by telling us that prejudices not only opens us to the possibility of understanding the Other embedded in our discourses bringing to fore Deconstructions normative understanding. vii) Conclusion Deconstruction, as we have seen, is not a principled method of textual analysis that disempowers discourses to mere ungrounded and unstable network of signifiers, ad infinitum. Deconstructive moments serves first to identify the binary opposites that undergird all metaphysical discourse implict in language and dismantle it; second, mark the anxiety that comes with the instability of linguistic references, and third, reveal the limits of a discouse that presupposes a certain metaphysics. In Deconstruction, one brings about the possibility of an ethical responsibility constitutive of agency in the form of identfying the Other, and the Other within oneself.

Free Essays - Power of Women in Epic of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

Power of Women in Epic of Gilgamesh In Order to preserve life, the trapper has to civilize the man-like beast and have nature reject him at the hand of a woman. To do this the trappers father sends him to Uruk to see Gilgamesh to "extol the strength of this wild man." (20) Gilgamesh and the trappers father felt they must tempt the beast with a "woman's power" (20) to "overpower this man" (20) to ensure their way of life. But in order for the trapper to do his job Enkidu has to become educated to the ways of this culture. "He fills in the pits which I dig and tears up my traps set for the game; he helps the beasts to escape and now they slip through my fingers". (20). A father, a trapper and Gilgamesh (part god/part man) felt that a woman was a greater weapon than an army. A woman conquers the beast in every man. Man betrays his upbringing and become civilized to protect their way of life. "When he sees her beckoning he will embrace her and then the wild beasts will reject him." (20) Gilgamesh is a womanizing ruler this is represented by him saying, "Take with you this harlot, a child of pleasure" (20) to the trapper so that they could save the existence of the community. Gilgamesh bears the secret that if he is ever conquered it will be by a woman. By sending the Harlot he has revealed his own weakness. Ironically, this theme has been used throughout history; Beauty and the Beast, Anthony and Cleopatra, and Cruel Intentions. Today, madams and housewives have replaced harlots. They do not realize that the way Enkidu was raised will always be reflected in his personality. Foolishly the father, trapper and Gilgamesh try this deception they do not know if it will be successful, but they do know man's weakness. Free Essays - Power of Women in Epic of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays Power of Women in Epic of Gilgamesh In Order to preserve life, the trapper has to civilize the man-like beast and have nature reject him at the hand of a woman. To do this the trappers father sends him to Uruk to see Gilgamesh to "extol the strength of this wild man." (20) Gilgamesh and the trappers father felt they must tempt the beast with a "woman's power" (20) to "overpower this man" (20) to ensure their way of life. But in order for the trapper to do his job Enkidu has to become educated to the ways of this culture. "He fills in the pits which I dig and tears up my traps set for the game; he helps the beasts to escape and now they slip through my fingers". (20). A father, a trapper and Gilgamesh (part god/part man) felt that a woman was a greater weapon than an army. A woman conquers the beast in every man. Man betrays his upbringing and become civilized to protect their way of life. "When he sees her beckoning he will embrace her and then the wild beasts will reject him." (20) Gilgamesh is a womanizing ruler this is represented by him saying, "Take with you this harlot, a child of pleasure" (20) to the trapper so that they could save the existence of the community. Gilgamesh bears the secret that if he is ever conquered it will be by a woman. By sending the Harlot he has revealed his own weakness. Ironically, this theme has been used throughout history; Beauty and the Beast, Anthony and Cleopatra, and Cruel Intentions. Today, madams and housewives have replaced harlots. They do not realize that the way Enkidu was raised will always be reflected in his personality. Foolishly the father, trapper and Gilgamesh try this deception they do not know if it will be successful, but they do know man's weakness.

A Critique of O. P. Dwivedis Satyagraha for Conservation: Awakening the Spirit of Hinduism :: Environment Environmental Papers

A Critique of O. P. Dwivedis Satyagraha for Conservation: Awakening the Spirit of Hinduism In his article Satyagraha for Conservation: Awakening the Spirit of Hinduism, O. P. Dwivedi argues that we must reawaken religious values if the world is going to reduce the current level of environmental degradation. He suggests that religious beliefs can serve as a crucial foundation in helping to create a self-consciously moral society which would put conservation and respect for Gods creation first, and relegate individualism, materialism, and our modern desire to dominate nature in a subordinate place. Dwivedi further argues that religion helps to make humans aware of the limits of our control. He uses the example of Hindu religious beliefs to explain how reawakening religious beliefs might create a change in attitudes toward nature. Although I agree with Dwivedis contention that religious values can serve to support environmental movements, I would argue that his article presents an overly simplistic view of the power of religion. Dwivedi fails to address the constantly changing nature of religious traditions. In addition, he does not address the fact that India (a predominantly Hindu country) is severely polluted today. I felt that Dwivedis argument was weakened by his failure to deal with these issues. As a result, I would like to explore some of the gaps in Dwivedis article. I will also deal briefly with Guhas article and the need for a reawakening of religious values to be accompanied by a simultaneous change in social and economic realities. According to Dwivedi, the Hindu religion is one of many religious traditions which support ecological preservation and respect for the Earth. He argues that many of Hinduisms basic tenets reflect the idea that humans are meant to care for their environment. Although I do not disagree that this is one interpretation of the Hindu texts, I would suggest that Hinduism (like many religions) can also be presented as encouraging human control over the earth. Yes, many of the texts do support non-violence and care for the earth but there are also some passages/texts which support violence and human control over the earth (examples include The Bhagavad-Gita and passages with the RgVeda). Overall, I would say that Dwivedis argument for the ecological consciousness of Hinduism is the more accurate interpretation of the texts. However, it is crucial to recognize that there are alternative and opposing interpretations.In his article, Dwivedi writes as if incorporating religious values into the secular world will necessarily support environmental preservation. Although it is possible that this could happen, it is also possible that religions could be used to argue the other side of the issue.

Romeo and Juliet - The Movie :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Romeo and Juliet - The Movie The new release of Romeo and Juliet is fun, fast and exciting to watch. It is a slick cinematic rendition of Shakespeare's work brought to the screen for contemporary movie-goers. There is something for everyone in this movie. A timeless story, a dynamic cast, a hip soundtrack, great sets and costumes and plenty of action. From the beginning the audience is told," buckle up, this Romeo and Juliet ride is going to be like no other Shakespeare you've ever ridden." This movie supports the notion that the stage is an actor's medium and the cinema is the director's. Romeo and Juliet is a feast for the eyes and does a great job of engaging the audience with the story at all times through various cinematic techniques and tricks which make understanding Shakespeare fun, interesting, fresh and easy. Visually dynamic, and edited with a sense of urgency, most movie-goers will get caught up in the story and forget that they are listening to the Bard. It is Shakespeare's words and text, however, the sights and sounds are as clearly, possibly overshadowing, telling the same parallel story. One could say that there are visually emotional subtitles throughout the movie directing the audience to understand and engage in the most famous love story in an entirely new way. One can argue that this version of Romeo and Juliet would be understood even without spoken words. The camera-work tells the story as clearly as the text. There are very few moments in this movie when the camera stops moving. Like Oliver Stone's Natural Born Killers the editing is fierce and in your face. There is little time to think as the perpetual images flash across the screen. And it works. You become entranced and cannot wait to see what happens next even if you are already familiar with the story. It feels new. Like many contemporary Shakespeare productions, the text has been slightly edited but this does nothing to dilute the story. The dialogue, for the most part, is not delivered by master thespians, rather, we hear contemporary film actors delivering the Bard's words as though this were present day English in New York or Los Angeles.

Family Function

The definition of family is defined in various ways to many different people. Many people may say their family includes the family of orientation, extended family, and family of procreation. It all depends on how the child is raised. Three important factors, out of six, that I consider to be the main functions of family are socialization, economic cooperation, and care, protection, and intimacy. Some families may very well address these functions, while others may not. And because of that, family may be quite hard to define because it goes above and beyond the surface.According to Swartz and Scott (2009), family is defined as a group of people related to each other by blood, marriage, adoption or being sexually open in a relationship. The definition also extends to couples who are committed to each other and are capable of providing internal and external factors ranging from emotional to economic support. Because of my culture, how I was raised, and where I grew up, I define family i n a complicated matter. The definition of family, according to me, is the family of orientation.It does not include my aunts, uncles, or cousins, even though we are somewhat related by blood. However, I do consider them as a part of my extended family. The family of orientation includes my parents and three younger siblings. I consider this to be family because this is where I was born into, rose, and grew up with. Of course, the definition of family will change over time for me because I am not yet married. To my belief, I will have a change in families after I get married to my husband with kids, which is also known as the family of procreation.This is when my new journey and definition of family begins. I do not believe a family is complete without children or pets, or anything or anyone that my husband and I, as a couple, could look forward to and love to keep the relationship lasting. To be considered as my family, the person does not have to be blood related. What matters is t he fair amount of love and care that is provided. The emotional support is what I lean more towards when it comes to family. I believe there is a way to everything when it comes to economic factors, such as dealing with our finance, having shelter, clothing, and food.Emotional support is needed when hard times come, and if the person or people are willing to go through with the bad, they are definitely considered family. Nobody would want to live through the hardship, so that is why I value love and care most in a family. No matter what I go through, I know that person or people will still be there. There are three families of functions that I can relate to. They are socialization, economic cooperation, and care, protection, and intimacy.Socialization is defined as a lifetime process â€Å"of social interaction through which people learn those elements of culture that are essential for effective participate in social life† (Swartz & Scott, 2009, p. 6). Socializing is a wa y of learning what society expects such as norms and values and develops the behavior of how one thinks, feels, and acts (Swartz & Scott, 2009). Children socialize to be able to better communicate through their own language, culture, and the mass media such as the television and radio.Ever since I was young, from infancy to child age, my parents communicated with me in our language, Vietnamese. We practiced our traditions and cultures through foods and celebrating holidays. I have learned what the Vietnamese community expects when it comes to holidays, elders, and food. Once I was enrolled into pre-school, I started to learn English, which counts as another form of socializing. Communicating was hard for me because I did not speak a word of it. However, my parents started to teach me what they could in the language.They taught me basics such as singing the alphabet, counting, and naming certain animals. Simple terms like stating my name, learning my address, and asking to use th e restroom were a start to a new way of socializing and a start of a new culture. Enrolling into school helped me shape the way to act, think, and feel. I was on my best behavior. And there was no such thing as always being happy like I was when I am at home with my parents. I learned what it was like to be picked on, be mad, angry, happy, and develop friendships.I think my family addressed this function well, because I have matured to be able to communicate and socialize with all those around me, which includes how to act and feel. Economic cooperation involves a family’s responsibility to provide for everyone’s physical and economic well being (Swartz & Scott, 2009). In history, families work in the field, as agriculturists and farmers to provide food. They also sold products that were farmed to provide money, shelter, and clothes. However, it is different nowadays.Now, both or either men and or women go to work to receive an income to help provide for their fami lies. When I was younger, my mom stayed home and worked at home and earned little income, while my dad worked at a factory and earned most of the income. But as our family grew, and the children got older, there were certain necessities needed such as bigger clothes, shoes, more food, and a bigger home. Therefore, my mom had to find a different job with a higher pay. Both of my parents did work and still work to provide most of the income for our family.When I got older and turned the legal age to work full time, I helped provide my parents the income in the family to help pay for small bills such as electricity, phone, and gas. I also helped pay for my two years of tuition at a small community college with my parents’ help. Not only did they provide for me through my college years, but also for my other younger siblings. My younger siblings are now twenty, eighteen, and seventeen. I believe my parents have successfully played a role in the family function, economic cooperati on. My and my siblings’ ages are very close to each other, which produces a lot of issues.At a certain point in time, all of us were teens, where our needs need to be met. An example of what I am talking about would be providing cars, car insurance, and overall health insurance. The third family function is care, protection, and intimacy. Everyone in a family needs emotional support, and care provided since infancy to adulthood. For many people, families are where we turn to when we are in trouble, to find comfort and emotional support throughout our lives (Swartz & Scott, 2009). In my family, emotional support is rarely provided.My parents provide emotional support for each other and the kids bond to provide emotional support for each other. Some of us seek emotional support from our close girlfriends and guy friends. My parents show a different kind of care when it comes to emotions. Not much emotion is shown from my father, but more from my mother. My dad would never o ver react to certain situations, while my mom would. High school was a great challenge for me. It was the place where I learned the most, academically and socially wise. I needed the most emotional support and felt the need to feel the emotional support and care.It was hard to maintain and stabilize my emotions in high school and was constantly down. I could not seek emotional support from many people in my life since they had their own problems. I always felt high school counselors were not a big help. They always told me, â€Å"it’s okay,† and ended up telling my parents. However, I was never depressed. Most of my care and emotional support came from the peers on my high school tennis team and the sport itself. Exercising and playing the sport helped me relieve all the pressure I had built inside.I do not sbelieve my parents have played a very big role in this area of the family function. However, they were there whenever I was in trouble with the school, with other parents, or the law. Because they were so busy working and trying to provide for the family, less time was spent with the kids. My younger siblings were able to come to me for emotional support and I helped them provide the care they need to feel. My parents were not very expressive in this family function due a completed socialization process and a great amount of time put into the economic cooperation.Family is a group of people who will always be there in your life, at least mine. The word family is different to very many groups of people. Some people do not consider their real parents to be a part of their family and some do. It all depends on how their life was lived, and most importantly, the relationships that were developed between the people they were living with. The family of functions are sub-categories of what a family is and I believe they are what fully describe what a family should be.

History of Special Education Essay

It was not until the middle decades of the eighteenth century that Europe turned, for the first time, towards the education of persons with disabilities. The spirit of reform, crystallized in the philosophy and precepts of the European Enlightenment, created new vistas for disabled persons and the pioneers who ventured to teach them. Although special education emerged in a number of national contexts, France was the crucible where innovative pedagogies to assist those deaf, blind, and intellectually disabled emerged and flourished (Winzer, 1986). Following the French initiatives, movements to provide services for those in the normative categories of deaf, blind, and intellectually disabled were contemporaneous in continental Europe, Britain, and North America. Prior to the mid-eighteenth century, individual deviations were rarely tolerated and little was done for those who in some way disrupted the norms of a society. Disability was not an innocuous boundary; rather, it was a liability in social and economic participation. People perceived as disabled – whatever the type or degree – were lumped together under the broad categorization of idiot, scorned as inferior beings and deprived of rights and privileges. This early period is replete with innumerable stories of healing, many imbued with an Indeed, many special educators seem curiously disinterested in the foundations of the field; historical knowledge is learned incidentally and unintentionally (Mostert & Crockett, 1999–2000; Winzer, 2004). To some, history becomes increasingly selective, with the past made over to suit present intentions; others speak to the ‘lack of history’ (Renzaglia, Hutchins & Lee, 1997, p. 361). At the same time, some contemporary writers disparage earlier events, programmes, and pioneers in favour of contemporary models. Some point to fossilized traditions; others hold that if today’s inclusive movement embodies the best ideals of social justice then the past, by extension, had to be unjust (Winzer, 2004). Implicit to this position is a steadfast unwillingness to learn from the wisdom of the accumulated past. The middle decades of the eighteenth century witnessed the pervasive influence of the European Enlightenment. While the intellectual project of the Enlightenment was to build a sound body of knowledge about the world, its humanitarian philosophy prompted ideas about the equality of all people and the human responsibility to take care of others, particularly individuals outside the private circle of the home and the family. Reform movements sprang up, aimed at the improvement of the well-being of groups of individuals, varying from poor people and slaves to prisoners, the insane, and disabled people. In France, the Abbe Michel Charles de l’Epee (sign language) assimilated Enlightenment ideals of equality, as well as novel concepts about language and its development. He joined these to the sensationalist philosophy of John Locke and the French philosophers to promote innovative approaches to the education of deaf persons. If de l’Epee’s doctrine promoting a silent language of the hands was not unprecedented, it was nevertheless revolutionary in the context of the times. In devising and instructing through a language of signs, the Abbe gave notice that speech was no longer the apex of instruction in the education of deaf persons. Simultaneously, he influenced and guided innovations for other groups with disabilities, specifically those blind, deaf blind, and intellectually disabled. Following de l’Epee’s successful mission with deaf students, Valentin Hauy in 1782 initiated the instruction of blind persons using a raised print method. Somewhat later, in 1810, Edouard Seguin devised pedagogy for those considered to be mentally retarded. The French educational initiatives travelled the Atlantic to be adopted by pioneer educators in US and Canada. Rejection of French innovations did not imply that British advances were minor. On the contrary. Building on the prerogatives of earlier pioneers, teachers and clergy such as Thomas Braidwood and John Townsend promoted education for deaf persons. Schemes to assist other groups soon followed. By the close of the eighteenth century in Europe and Britain, the instruction of disabled persons was no longer confined to isolated cases or regarded merely as a subject of philosophic curiosity. Permanent facilities were established, staffed by a cadre of teachers experimenting with novel and innovative pedagogical methods. The French endeavors formed the core of systems and methods adopted in the United States and much of British North America (Canada). In the latter, however, the Maritime provinces of Nova. Scotia and New Brunswick initially adopted British pedagogy (see Winzer, 1993). Founded on a humanitarian philosophy, evangelical commitment, and unbounded philanthropy, they established from 1817 onwards a complex of institutions designed to cater to the unique needs of exceptional individuals. Pedro Ponce de Leon(1578) in Spain created the first documented experience about education of deaf children (from nobility) AbbeCharles Michel de l’Epee(1760) in Paris created the â€Å"Institutpour sourds†(Institute for deaf) Louis Braille invented â€Å"Braille script†(1829). Pioneers in Special Education Jean-Marc Itard [pic] – DECS Order No. 1, s. 1997 – Organization of A Regional SPED Unit and Designation of Regional Supervisor in-charge of Special Education -DECS Order No. 14, s. 1993 – Regional Special Education Council -DECS Order No. 26, s. 1997 – Institutionalizing of SPED Programs in All Schools -DECS Order No. 5, s. 1998 – Reclassification of Regular Teacher and Principal Items to Special Education Teacher and Special School Principal Items – DECS Order No. 11, s. 2000 – Recognized Special Education (SPED) Centers in the Philippines. -REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7277 – AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE REHABILITATION, SELF DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-RELIANCE OF DISABLED PERSONS AND THEIR INTEGRATION INTO THE MAINSTREAM OF SOCIETY AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES http://www. deped. gov. ph/default. asp SPED teachers to sharpen tools in a national conference PASIG CITY – Teachers and school administrators handling children with special learning needs are expected to further hone their skills during the 2013 national conference on Special Education (SPED) being put together by the Department of Education (DepEd). â€Å"We are opening the conference to public and private school teachers and administrators and other SPED service providers in line with our policy to continue to create a culture of inclusive education,† said Education Secretary Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC. The conference aims to engage teachers and school administrators in the discussions of the evolving practices in handling SPED learners with the end-view of producing inclusive policies. Preparations are now underway for the conference to be held in November in Iloilo which carries the theme â€Å"Special Education: A Bridge to Inclusion. † One of the conference highlights is the awarding of prizes to the winners of the Search for the Most Outstanding Receiving Teachers, as well as Outstanding SPED Teachers and SPED Centers. The national finalists will be awarded certificates while the national winners will receive plaques of appreciation and cash prizes. The conference will also be a venue to discuss current trends, skills and practices on the management of inclusive education schools. â€Å"We can also expect presentations on researches on inclusive education which others may adopt or adapt,† added Luistro. The Philippines, as a signatory of the Salamanca Statement of Action on. Special Needs Education, recognizes the principle of equal educational opportunities for â€Å"all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions† (Salamanca Statement, 1994). This framework was adopted in the Philippines through the Department of Education Culture and Sports (now DepEd) Order no. 26 which institutionalized inclusive education. The order required the organization of at least one SPED center in each division and implementation of SPED programs in all school districts where there are students with special needs. Special education started in the Philippines in 1907 with the establishment of the Insular School for the Deaf and Blind. The school started with 92 deaf persons and one blind person. Today, DepEd serves 11 types of children with special needs in public schools. As of school year 2006-2007, there were 162,858 students with special needs at the elementary level, 51% or 83,231 of whom are in the gifted program. The remaining 49 % were students with various disabilities such as hearing impairment, visual impairment, learning disability, mental retardation, behavior problem, autism, and cerebral palsy. Students with learning disabilities comprise 25% of students with special needs. However, up to this date, many children with learning disabilities, mental retardation, and autism remain unidentified in public schools (DepEd, 2006a). The inclusion of children under these three categories of special cases were among the major concerns of the TEEP-SBM-Inclusive Education (IE) project. Historical Foundation of Inclusive Education Based on the book of Teresita G. Inciong, Yolanda S. Quijano, Yolanda T. Capulong, Julieta A. Gregorio, and Adelaida C. Jines entitled Introduction To Special Education, it was during the year of 1902 and under the American regime that the Filipino children with disabilities were given the chance to be educated. Mr. Fred Atkinson, General Superintendent of Education, proposed to the Secretary of Public Instruction that the children whom he found deaf and blind should be enrolled in school like any other ordinary children. However, the country’s special education program formally started on 1907. Mr. David Barrows, Director of Public Education, and Miss Delight Rice, an American educator, worked hard for this program to be possible. Mr. Barrows worked for the establishment of the Insular School for the Deaf and Blind in Manila and Miss Rice was the administrator and at the same time the teacher of that school. Today, the school for the Deaf is located at Harrison Street, Pasay City and the Philippine National School for the Blind is adjacent to it on Polo Road. During the year 1926, the Philippine Association for the Deaf (PAD) was composed of hearing impaired members and special education specialists. The following year (1927), the Welfareville Children’s Village in Mandaluyong, Rizal was established. In 1936, Mrs. Maria Villa Francisco was appointed as the first Filipino principal of the School for the Deaf and the Blind (SDB). In 1945, the National Orthopedic Hospital opened its School for Crippled Children (NOHSCC) for young patients who had to be hospitalized for long periods of time. In 1949, the Quezon City Science High School for gifted students was inaugurated and the Philippine Foundation for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled was organized. In 1950, PAD opened a school for children with hearing impairment.

An Approach Model for Employees’ Improving Quality of Work

Iranian J Publ Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2007, pp. 81-86 Health, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2007, pp. 81-86 Original Article An Approach Model for Employees' Improving Quality of Work Life (IQWL) *H Dargahi 1, J Nasle Seragi 2 1 Dept. of Health Care Management, School of Allied Health Medicine, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Iran 2 Dept. of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Iran Abstract ch Keywords: Quality of life, Model, Employees, Iran ive Background: Organizational features can affect how employers view on their QWL is an important consideration for employees interested in improving employees' job satisfaction. The research reported here aimed to provide the processes used to investigate and implement a pathway for TUMS Employees Improving of Quality of Work Life as an approach model. Methods: A Quality of Work Life Strategic Planning Committee was formed to focus on enhancing TUMS employees' quality of work life. In the next step 30 QWL teams consisting of managers and employees were conducted in each of 15 as all of TUMS Hospitals. Committee members identified similar key themes of dissatisfaction. Based on the key themes identified, a survey was developed by QWL Strategic Planning by the questionnaires which distributed to 942 employees and 755 of them were returned. The collected data were saved by SPSS software and analyzed by statistical method. Results: The results from the survey showed that the perceived strongest areas among 12 categories developed by QWL Strategic Planning Committee that employees agreed to improve on their QWL were communication, leadership monetary an non- monetary compensation and support. This committee evaluated the outcomes of QWL managers and employees teams to improve the employees, quality of work life at 15 TUMS Hospitals. Conclusion: The QWL Strategic Planning Committee recommend a new approach model to suggest the ways which impressive on the employees' improving QWL. Introduction There is not a common accepted definition for quality of work life. In health care organizations, such as hospitals, quality of work life (QWL) has been described as referring to the strengths and weakness in total work environment (1). Organizational features can affect how employees view on their quality of work life. It is an important consideration for employees' to be interested in improving their job satisfaction (2). Organizational features such as policies and procedures, leadership style, operations, and general contextual factors have a profound effect on how employees view the quality of their work life. QWL is an umbrella term which includes many concepts. Because the perceptions held by Ar of SI employees play an important role in their decision to enter, stay with or leave an organization, it is important that employees' perceptions be included when assessing QWL (3). Achievement of the improving quality of work life (IQWL) promotes the better use of existing workforce skills and increased employees involvement. Most importantly, it encourages and supports the enhancement of the internal skills base to create a more professional, motivated and efficient working environment. There are several frameworks used by organizations to improve their performance through the development of their employees. The standard framework supports continuous improvement by encouraging managers to evaluate the internal 81 *Corresponding author: Tel: +98 21 88965608, Fax: +98 21 88951775, E-mail: [email  protected] ums. ac. ir D (Received 19 Jan 2007; accepted 6 Aug 2007) www. SID. ir H Dargahi, J Nasle Seragi: An Approach Model for†¦ Materials and Methods To assist in achieving defined objectives and recognition of quality work life issues and indicators, the Quality of Work Life Strategic Planning Committee was formed in Tehran university of Medical Sciences. T he members of this committee were two hospital medical managers, two hospital administrators and one occupational health expert teamed to gather to determine strategic planning and priority to focus on enhancing the quality of work life of TUMS Employees. In the first meeting, this committee ensured a continued commitment to improve and focus on the QWL of TUMS Hospitals' Employees as an approach model and recommended that 30 QWL teams consisting of mangers and employees were conducted in all fifteen of TUMS hospitals. Manager’s teams were formed with TUMS Hospitals Nursing Administrators and Head of Clinical and Supportive departments. Employee’s teams were formed with representatives of TUMS Nursing, Supportive and Paramedical employees. QWL committee members spent additional time to gather the information about the employees' improving QWL at each hospital. Following sev- ive ch 82 Ar of SI Results functions which shape their organizations, effectiveness. Such functions include performance management mechanisms, employee’s career development, and employees’ involvement. A tried a tested framework allows health care organizations such as hospitals to address key issues that are of concern for hospitals (4). Therefore, a high QWL is essential for health care organizations to continue to attract and retain employees (5). QWL is a comprehensive program designated to improve employees' satisfaction (6). Several studies found a strong relationship between job satisfaction and QWL for health care organizations' employees (7). The research reported aimed to provide the processes used to investigate and implement a pathway for TUMS Hospitals' Employees as an approach model to improve QWL for them. eral meetings, 30 QWL teams identified similar key common themes of dissatisfaction. These data are showed in Fig. 1. QWL teams declared these data to QWL Strategic Planning Committee. At first, based on the identified key themes a total of 12 areas were developed by the QWL Strategic Planning Committee (Fig. 2). In the next step, a cross- sectional, descriptive and analytical survey with 942 employees as 20% of total employees at 15 TUMS hospitals were asked to rate of their agreement or disagreement in relation to a series of statements using Lickert Type Scale were developed by QWL Committee as shown in Fig. 2. However, the questionnaires were distributed to 15 TUMS Hospitals’ Employees and 755 of them were returned, the response rate achieved to 90%. A number of employees were chosen to offer written comments. Many of the comments mirrored those that were made in the QWL Teams and Strategic Planning Committee. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software. The results were broken into four sections of employees just managers, nurses, supportive (non- clinical) and paramedical employees. – 2/3 of the employees believed that they were unsatisfied because they could not participate in decision-making. – Only 20% of the respond ants indicated that they were satisfied and very satisfied with their job motivation. – 54. % of the respondents believed that their managers and supervisors did not observe fundamentals of human relations in their hospitals. – 2/3 of the respondents had not trust to their senior management. – The vast majority (96. 9%) of the respondents indicated that they are paid not enough. – The vast majority (98. 4%) of the respondents indicated that they were unsatisfied wi th their job welfare. D www. SID. ir Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2007, pp. 81-86 – The vast majority (92. 3%) of the employees believed that they were unsatisfied with cash payment to them. All of the employees expressed that they were unsatisfied with non cash payment to them. 72. 3% of the employees believed that they were unsatisfied with support from their supervisors. According to the results, there were no observable differences among the four groups in their rating of respect. †¢ Human resource issues relating to workload and staffing †¢ Management practices †¢ Leadership issues †¢ Inadequate rewards and income †¢ Loss of respect , trust and income among people †¢ More involvement in decision making Identified need from assistance for employees to deal with burnout and change †¢ Care taking function is not supported by TUMS Hospitals as a whole Fig. 1: Dissatisfaction Themes form employees and managers QWL teams. 1. 2. 3. 4 . 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Organization commitment Trust Ar Fig. 2: Set of 12 dissatisfaction measures developed by QWL Strategic Planning Committee ch Support 11. Respect Monetary Compensation Non monetary Compensation Leadership Attendance management Communication between managers and employees Communication between managers and managers 0. Overall Communication 12. Recognition ive of SI 83 D www. SID. ir †¢ Poor communication between employees and management H Dargahi, J Nasle Seragi: An Approach Model for†¦ Fig. 3: New Structural Approach Model to improve QWL at TUMS Hospitals, 2005 Discussion The results showed that the perceived strongest areas among 12 categories developed by QWL Strategic Planning Committee that employees agreed to improve on their QWL, were communication, leadership, monitory and non monitory compensation , and support. High scores for poor communication were noted between managers/supervisors with employees need improvement. Though, the developments of a à ¢â‚¬Å"communication strategy† suggest establishing clear communication focusing on linkages between managers and employees. The most important predictable QWL belief the organization carries out is mission statement, good communication, good organization support for training and development, good decision latitude and being satisfied with the organizations recognition of employees' contribution (8). Areas outlined for leadership improvement include visibility of senior leaders, increased awareness of employees' needs and perspectives including increasing of opportunities for participitation in decision making. Canadian Nurses Association Position Statement identified the following elements for which stakeholders in health care field have a responsibility: †¢ Staffing decisions based on existence with direct input from professional nurses. †¢ Opportunities for nurses at all levels to participate in decision making. 84 Ar h ive of SI †¢ Support for nurses to use e vidence- based decision making (9). – A formal, organization- wide system of monetary and non monetary compensation and rewarding employees for their accomplishments would be highly beneficial. Increased workload and fiscal restraint occurred in recent years, left employees feeling pressure in their jobs. It seems that the support structure at 15 TUMS Hospitals should be reviewed for improvement and available to employees, including review of workload and support from supervisors. Wood ward† studied about supervisor social support scale included supervisor helpfulness. Concern the welfare of employees and ability to facilitate effective interaction among employees in a large teaching hospital at Ontario (10). The information that gathered and analyzed by QWL managers’ teams and QWL employees teams in each TUMS Hospitals represented to QWL Strategic Planning Committee. QWL Strategic Planning Committee evaluated the results from this survey and developed new approa ch model to improve the employees, QWL at 15 TUMS Hospitals (Fig 3). The Chancellor's Coordinating Committee on QWL was formed late 2002 to provide a point of coordination and support to advance the QWL for University of California's Employees. The committee focused on three areas- communications, training and rewards. Recognition all of which D www. SID. ir Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2007, pp. 81-86 were identified as priorities by the chancellors based on results of employees survey (11). One of the initial goal of the QWL Strategic Planning Committee was the collaborative effort to define what an organization looks like with a high QWL. The committee created the following philosophy, which continuous to be celebrated to day: An organization with a high QWL is an organization that promotes and maintains a work environment that results in excellence in everything it does-by ensuring open communication, respect, recognition, truss, support, well being and satisfaction of its members, both personality and professionalism. The results of a survey were conducted in Canada at 2001 showed that QWL is a multidimensional construct and a global evaluation of one's workplace and context. The implications of these finding are currently being deliberated as they relate to improving QWL with each health care organization (12). The QWL Strategic Planning Committee recommend 15 TUMS hospitals as new approach model to suggest the ways which impressive on the employees improving QWL as below : – Communication: It investigates the ways not only to enhance employees skills on the quality assurance system, but to keep the system updated and organized, ensuring edified and easily available. Reward and recognition: It will significantly improve one initiative includes the development of a â€Å"star performer† program to allow all employees to recognize each other. Any employee that receives a star performer note is visited by TUMS Hospital Senior Management and presented with a â€Å"QWL Star â€Å"to recognize how important each of them is to the organization. – Attendance Management: It suggests turning the pre-existing attendance management policy from one that appears to punish employees for absenteeism, to one that rewarded employees for working to reduce their absenteeism. This may be achieved by developing a reward system for employees who worked for a three- month period without taking on unscheduled day off. Each ch ive quarter, a draw is held for prizes. To create further incentives, approval is received to create a grand prize for employees not to take day off and do additional work. There will be very positive feedback from employees and resulting in a reduction in absenteeism. – Leadership: It investigates leadership and literature attempting firstly to gain a better understanding of leadership techniques to find how practices at each TUMS Hospitals. The outcome to date is the development of a leadership education program to educate our management on the concept of leadership. – Support and Decision Making: It investigates employees participitation in decision making is a good opportunities to be satisfied with their job. QWL in Health Care Services organizations accreditation is a major step forward. Many concurrent initiatives across Canada address employees QWL needs and concerns from different angles. There is also significant progress in this direction in the United Status where the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organization (JCAHO) has committed to improve the quality of health care work place (13). We look forward to perform our Approach Model outcomes to improve QWL of TUMS Hospitals Employees in future. Ar of SI References Acknowledgements We would like to thank Medical Sciences/Tehran University Hospitals senior managers and employees because this survey would not have been possible without their assistance. This research has been supported by Medical Sciences/Tehran University. The authors declare that they have no Conflict of Interests. 1. Knox S, Irving JA (1997). Interactive quality of work life model applied to organization. Jona, 271:39-47. 2. Kruger P (2002). Organization predictors of job satisfaction findings from Canadian mul85 D www. 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The impact of ethical climate on job satisfaction of nurses. Health Care Manage Rev, 22(1):76-81. 9. Graham SL (2001). Quality Professional Practice Environment for registered nurses. Canadian Nurses Association. Position Statement, Ottawa. 10. Woodward C (1999). The impact of re- engineering and other cost reduction strategies on the staff of a large teaching hospital: A longitudinal study. Med Care, 37(6): 556-69. 11. Anonymous (2005). Chancellor forms committee to address work life issues. University of California, San Francisco. Available from: www. Pub. UCSF. Edu 12. Lohfeld L (2000). Personal Communication. ST. Joseph's Health system Quality of Work Life Technical Reports. 13. Eisenberg JM (2001). â€Å"Does a Healthy Health care workplace produce higher quality careâ€Å"? The joint commission journal on quality improvement. 27(a):444-57. of SI D www. SID. ir