Web Application And The Internet Hackers - 1800 Words

Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background In our time and with the remarkable progress in the field of Internet,web sites can be considered the purpose and the main target for the Internet hackers. The Internet hackers worked on transfer their attacks from the well-defended network layer to the more accessible Web application layer, Since this layer is one of the most important layers because that layer is used on a daily basis by people To manage all daily business such as commercial matters in addition to other things related to their lives. These websites offer to users a variety of services Such as, shopping services,booked travel tickets,health care and the payment of Insurances.All of these and other services offered by†¦show more content†¦The security of networks and computers are very important due to the following reasons[4] : 1. Assets protection: Information can be defined as data organized and accessible in an interconnected manner. One of the main objectives of the network security is to protect property and corporate assets. The information represents the vital organizational part for companies and responsible for all that was mentioned above in addition to protection, integrity and availability of information. 2. Compliance with security requirements and fiduciary responsibilities: All company employees in every company they have a responsibility to ensure the safety and security companies in which they work. As part of this responsibility includes the company s work and ensure its continuity. According to this matter, companies that rely on our own computer devices, these companies must take into account the security side of its own security policies. 3. Get the competitive feature: Development and maintenance of effective security measures it can provide an organization or company have the ability to compete with the rest of the companies. It can be said that the security network represents a particularly especially in the field of financial services and the importance of the Internet as well as in the field of electronic commerce. 4. Maintain your job and your business: To ensure the

Economics Basic Economic Concepts Essay - 3027 Words

Kingman Academy of Learning Economics a Social Science Basic Economic Concept Jordan Mcdowell Civics K.David 5 December 2016 . Economics a Social Science Basic Economic Concept Scarcity Supply and Demand Utility Measurement of Economic Performance Gross domestic product (GDP) National Income and Price Determination Stabilization Policies Demand management policy Fiscal policy Monetary Policy Economic Growth Open Economy: International Trade and Finance To understand economics, one must first explore the basic economic concepts. The first of the basic economic concepts is scarcity, â€Å"a situation in which there is not enough of something† (Coolridge). So an economic scarcity is the limited resources or goods compared to the unlimited wants and needs of consumers. For example, pumpkin pie is sold largely in the fall and is abundant. However, in the later months of winter, pumpkin pie is still in the same demand as in the months of fall. Here is where scarcity will become apparent. The supply of pumpkin pie can not meet the demand the amount of pumpkin pie consumers want. Scarcity can also dictate what a consumer may buy and the amount of a product they may buy. For instance: Fossil fuels use in the United States of America. â€Å"Should the tile world continue to be dependent upon its fossil fuels for its energy requirements, the peak of coal production would probably be reached within the next 200 year, and that of oil in about 50Show MoreRelatedBasic Concepts for Economic Reasoning1782 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: THE BASIC CONCEPTS FOR ECONOMIC REASONING The Basic Concepts for Economic Reasoning International Economics Will Bury`s Gose Global Part I Will Bury has invented a technology that gives the option of reading text materials digitally or listening to it with synthetic voice which sound realistic (Will burry`s goes global, UOP). In this paper I will explain economic concepts founded in Will Bur’s scenario, which will Bury`s have to take some important business decisionsRead MoreBasic Economic Concepts : Absolute And Comparative Advantage Essay2016 Words   |  9 PagesBasic Economic Concepts Absolute and Comparative Advantage Absolute Advantage is the comparison of productivity of a person, company, or nation to another person, company, or nation and the ability to produce with fewer inputs (what is used to make the product) than another producer. Comparative Advantage is the opportunity costs (what must be given up to obtain an item) between two producers and the ability to produce at lower opportunity costs than another producer. Absolute Advantage can beRead MoreBasic Economic Concepts That Are Important For All Twenty First Citizens905 Words   |  4 PagesEconomics is the study of how scarce, or limited, resources are used to satisfy unlimited wants and needs of individuals. â€Å"Needs† are what individuals need in order to survive, such as food, clothing, shelter, and health care. â€Å"Wants† are goods or services that individuals would like to have, but don’t necessarily need. For example, one needs food in order to survive, but does not need to purchase and consume an exp ensive cut of prime rib. One needs shelter to protect them from the elements, butRead MoreProduct Life Cycle of Parle G767 Words   |  4 PagesITM-EXECUTIVE EDUCATION CENTRE Course Title: Quantitative Techniques for Business Contact Hours: 24 hours Course Objective: Expose students to the application of basic Algebraic methods used in field of management. Introduction to the statistical methods and application in areas of research. Contents: Session No | Content | 1. | Introduction to Statistics. Scope and Limitations. Data Collection and Presentation. | 2. | Measures of Central Tendency, Depression. | 3. | Measures ofRead MoreElasticity: Supply and Demand and Price1652 Words   |  7 PagesPrice elasticity is an important concept to understand when beginning and maintaining a business that distributes goods or services. Elasticity is the economic concept that estimates when products should be introduced to consumers, and how (provided that all other variables remain constant) demand or supply will be affected by changes in the environment that affect price (Basic Economics, 2007-2010). Depending on how the percentage demanded/supplied is affected by price differentiation will determineRead MoreSustainable Development : The Definition Of Sustainable Development1432 Words   |  6 Pagessustainable development mean? For years scholars have tried to define and articulate the concept of sustainable development which has led it to become an oxymoron of sorts. Over a century before the use of phrase sustainable development came to practice several publications had been dealing with what we would come to call sustainable development. John Stuart Mill (1984) in his publication Principles of political economics, infers that in order to prevent mankind from reaching a stationary state, and forRead MoreThe Effects Of Economics On Our Lives At A Young Age973 Words   |  4 PagesIn my youth I marveled at how the influences and effects of economics are ubiquitously found in daily life; the things we buy, prices of products, and the wellbeing of governments. As the son of two business owners who planted the seeds from ground up and grew their respective businesses to what they are now, I was exposed to what a significant role economic influence plays in people s’ lives at a young age. I distinctly remember the chaos and utter stress that engulfed my parents during the financialRead MoreThe Concepts Of Corporate Social Responsibility1456 Wo rds   |  6 PagesThe concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have been evolving for decades. At the very beginning, it was argued that corporation’s sole responsibility was to provide maximum financial returns to shareholders. However, it became quickly apparent to everyone that this pursuit of financial gain had to take place within the boundary of the legal system (Carroll, 1979;1991). Bowen’s 1953 publication of ‘Social Responsibility of Businessman’ was considered by many scholar to be the first definitiveRead MoreMicroeconomics1441 Words   |  6 Pagesgive 5 reasons why the study of microeconomics is important. Microeconomics is a field of economic study that focuses on how an individual s behaviour and decisions affect the supply and demand for goods and services. For the purpose of microeconomics, the actions of individuals, households and businesses are crucial, unlike the study of macroeconomics, which focuses on national and international economic trends. Despite the differences between the two fields, however, micro-level trends and theRead MoreThe Theory Of Basic Income945 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Basic income has been an increased topic of debate in Canada during the last decades. Basic income is a form of social security that grants all citizens an unconditional income. Tony Fitzpatrick, a PhD on the topic of basic income (1999), claims that the radical right is a strong opposer to basic income because of their belief that basic income maintains a high possibility for abuse. In contrast, Daniel Raventà ³s (2007) , a professor of the department of sociological theory at the

Letter to Mom free essay sample

Thank you mom for always attempting to keep me happy, safe, protected and nourished a roof over my head and warm cloths on my back. Thank you for your kindness, caring and Immeasurable patience. Thank you for looking out for me even when I didnt think I needed It and for letting me fall when I had to learn by making my own mistakes. Thank you mom for always being there; for waiting up and worrying, for the lectures and the endless concerns. Thankful for laughing with me, even though I knew at times that you were also laughing at me.Thank you for the imitates hugs, your magical kisses, vitamins and bandies and for the support I receive from you every single day. Thank you mom for keeping me warm, for keeping me calm and for keeping me sane. Thank you for understanding that there were times that I would be mad with you but always forgiving me in the end. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter to Mom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thank you for sticking up for me, for encouraging me, for believing In me and for letting me know that you never expected more than the best I could do.Thankful mom for teaching me to be honest, courteous, appreciative and loving. Thank you for trying to teach me to be neat and tidy, the only child It worked on. Thankful for teaching me to try to see the best In people, to be diplomatic In the face of conflict, and when I had no choice but to fight, to fight fair. Thank you mom for Instilling In me a love for laughter, books, flowers, hard work food and comfort in the simplicity that life can provide to us.Thank you for nurturing me to always try something new and to keep an open mind. Thank you for the thousands of back rubs, millions of phone calls, and for always sending me home with left-oversee. Still, to this day, you spoil me and I am incredibly grateful for it. Thank you mom for showing me how much beauty is round me, and reminding me of it constantly when my world feels dark and frightening. Thank you for the endless stories, songs and games when I was young, and the endless conversation and knowing smiles now that I am older.Thank you for putting up with thousands of diapers, my know-it-all teenage years, my sometimes Insane asss and for what Im sure will be the emotional roller coaster that will be my asss. And through It all, thankful for loving me no matter what. Thank you mom for being so smart, so beautiful, so wise and so talented. Its nice to know that I have the attention somewhere in my genetics to possibly one day be as special as you. Now that Im a Father, Im in awe at how much you gave up for me and my siblings.You gave up sleep, food, time, energy, new things all because you loved us. Now, I see how hard you worked, how much you gave, and how much you really loved us. I wish that I had appreciated it more when I was younger. I wish I would have gives you hugs when you made me a Halloween costume, made sure made it to and from baseball practice and games, Nanas or any other activities I was involved in, instead of knowing me, complaining about this thing or that when I should have been liaising the time and energy you put forth and all you labored on for me.I wish that I would have told you that It was the best dinner ever or that I was thankful for all the time you worked so that I could be able to do what I thought was free but now know really was not. Id say I took it for granted, but honestly, I think thats almost a normal after all the hurtful things are already said. I write this to you with my love and gratitude, because of these things that you have taught me in life. I will never forget them. Because of you, Mom, I have become a person who tries to be nonjudgmental, mind, patient, fair, loving and compassionate.I only hope that I can pass these same characteristics down to my child, so that she will be as proud of me as I am of you. The words l love you are not adequate enough to express how grateful I am to be your son, how much you are appreciated or how much you will always mean to me,So I will simply say: Thank you mom for being my superhero, my expert-in- everything, and the one and only woman that Ill love without a second thought, without Judgment and with my whole heart, every ounce of my being, until I draw my last breath.

The Musical Content Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Musical Content Analysis Essay As what the blob site Carl. Texas. Deed written in its article, what is music? According to Webster II: New Riverside University Dictionary, music is the art of arranging tones in an orderly sequence so as to produce a unified and continuous composition. In reality, music does not have any one concrete meaning. Music has different meanings for different people. Music is unique in each persons life. To a musician, music is their life. They eat, breathe, and live music. Music is their passion. For others, music is a hobby, a pastime. Music is something that arouses interest and is pleasurable. The casual fan may learn about music, how to read music, how to sing, or how to play a musical instrument, but they do not have the all encompassing passion a musician possesses. Music is a means of relaxation for some, while others simply enjoy listening to the sounds, melodies, and rhythms that music brings to their ears, minds, and hearts. The following definitions are taken from an article that defines music according to different perspectives. Music is Science. It is exact, specific; and it demands exact acoustics. We will write a custom essay on The Musical Content Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A conductors full score is a chart, a graph which indicates frequencies, intensities, volume changes, elodea, and harmony all at once and with the most exact control of time. Music is Mathematical. It is rhythmically based on the subdivisions of time into fractions which must be done, not worked out on paper. Music is a foreign language. Most of the terms are in Italian, German, or French; and the notation is certainly not English; but a highly developed kind of shorthand that uses symbols to represent ideas. The semantics of music is the most complete and universal language. Music is History. Music usually reflects the environment and times of its creations, often even the country and/or racial feeling. The Musical Content Analysis By shortsightedly 9 lip, cheek, and facial muscles, in addition to extraordinary control of the diaphragmatic back, stomach, and chest muscles, which respond instantly to the sound the ear hears and the mind interprets. Music is all of these things, but most of Music is Art. It allows a human being to take all these dry, technically boring (but difficult) techniques and use them to create emotion. That is one thing science cannot duplicate: humanism, feeling, emotion, call it what you will. A Brief History of Music. Music is a composition of three important elements which are rhythm, melody, and harmony. According to zounds. Com. The roots of Western music are strongly influenced by classical music. Tracing back its history, classical music is divided into six different periods which includes music from the Gregorian chants to Beethovens symphonies to the contemporary artists. The longest and most distant era or period of musical history is the Medieval Era, otherwise known as the Middle Age Period. During this period, the Church was the center of social life, learning, and the arts. In the early centuries of the Christian Church, Saint Gregory, who was Pope at that time, arranged and collected choral works in the form of chants, now called the Gregorian hanta. This is music composed with a single melodic line. Polyphony, on the other hand, is music with two or more melodic lines in one harmony. The musical notation used is ensues, which is very different from what is used now. In the Renaissance Period, composers were more recognized and more expressive than in the previous era. The collection of instrumental music became more varied along with the invention of new musical instruments. Secular music also became more common which now included other forms like motets, madrigals, and songs. Polyphonic lines were used in a different way. The development of music during this period was mainly in Rome since the Church occupied a dominant position in society. Most of the works by the composers are in Latin. The birth of the opera occurred during the beginning of the Baroque Era. Refer, the first opera, was composed by Claudio Monteverdi. Musical instruments became more popular and became the main sources of music. Music in this period was richly textured, highly metaphorical, and was used to express human emotion or depict natural phenomenon. The Four Seasons by Antonio Vivaldi is a good example. During this era, concerto became the most popular music genre. Music in the Classical Period was rather curious since very little development was done to alter the musical language other than the abolishment of polyphony. The orchestra was born during this period. This was also the era of famous composers such as Mozart and Beethoven. Musical writing was rather simple but musical harmony was developed. The Romantic Era was more reminiscent and music was expressed with such spontaneity, fantasy, and sensitivity. The color of sound became an essential tool for human expression through music. This period also became the golden age for virtuoso composers, amortized by such greats as Franz Schubert and Peter Tchaikovsky. Around 1900, the face of music the Romantic era, but more reactive to romanticism. Popular and classical music became distinct from one another. Composers began to experiment with the different elements of music, creating their own borrowed chords. The advancement of technology also created a great impact in the evolution of music in this period. The Philippine Music History. L. Year and historical background. Philippine Music is divided into four eras or traditions, namely Ethnic, Spanish Colonial, American Colonial and Contemporary traditions. Majority of Philippine Music really revolves around cultural influence from the West, due primarily to the Spanish and American rule for over 3 centuries. Oriental (ethnic) musical backgrounds are still alive, but mainly thrive in highland and lowland barrios where there is little Western influence. II. The Eras. Ethnic Tradition (9th to early 16th century). Philippine ethnic musical traditions are diverse in nature, although there are many common instruments and life-cycle functions. They differ and vary mainly in form and structure, performance media, style, aesthetics, and theoretical properties (temperaments, scales, modes, and terminologies). The diversity of ethnic musical traditions arises from several significant historical accidents. The Philippines had proto-Malay as the first inhabitants, followed by settlers from mainland and insular Southeast Asia. In essence, the separate regional settlements in the country were a result of this wave of migration. Spanish Colonial Tradition (1 521 1898). Spanish musical influence is mainly motivated to bring the Christian faith closer to the natives. The Spanish regime gave new form to Philippine music in particular. Songs, epics native drums and gongs were overshadowed by the Christian chants ND the harmony of new Western instruments namely the organ, harp and the guitar. Unfortunately for Philippine music, the arrival of the Spaniards also meant the forced eradication of ethnic music and old traditions. Performing ethnic music was highly discouraged, thus slowly disappearing, although some traditions still exist. The formal rise of liturgical music started when missionaries taught European religious music to the new Christians. These converts proved to be good and interested in learning the plainsong, the flute, the harp, and the guitar. After fifty years since the inquest, music schools for the faith were established by the Church. Contemporary Tradition. In the 21st century, Filipino rock is the most popular music form, along with some novelty and acoustic music. .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad , .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad .postImageUrl , .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad , .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad:hover , .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad:visited , .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad:active { border:0!important; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad:active , .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua32c7f0662ac715058955afd019326ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Product Analysis Clinique 3 Step System EssayBands such as Parody in Edgar, Riverview, and Sandwich have all made their names known in the music industry with their brand of music and style. More new forms of Filipino music are emerging and hopefully will continue to flourish in the future. According to claustrophobias. Org. Before The Roman Catholic Church consecrates and celebrates same-sex marriages in Europe. Priests can marry a posse of the same sex without creating a scandal. With the plagues that scourged Europe throughout the 13th century, the Catholic Church and the merchant class advocate the reputation of Europe. This event coincides with the birth of Protestantism, threatening the power of the Church, which results in a transformation of Catholic doctrine with respect to sexuality. From that moment on, the Roman Catholic Church considers all sexual practices which do not lead to procreation or are extra-marital to be mortal sins. Contraception, masturbation and homosexuality are Just a few of the practices which are still, to this day, considered to e mortal sins Music and Entertainment in Connection with the Gays Community. Music and the Gays Community always will had a very large connection to each other. According to anytime. Com, Statistics are not at hand to support the claim, but it seems that gay men and lesbians make a disproportionately large contribution to music. Why so? One popular and persistent explanation is that music is the most indefinite, the most ambiguous of all the arts, as Oscar Wiled declared in The Critic as Artist, and is therefore attractive to those who find themselves out of sync with more conventional, clear-cut modes of expression. Encouraging an impersonal submersion in the arcane of tradition, music has historically been a refuge for homosexuals who were elsewhere silenced. Music or song is one the leading entertainment media today. It can Jive with filming and also with the television shows. Some of films and song created and composed are about gays, lesbian, bisexual and transgender or all about the Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgender (LAST) Community in the Philippines and internationally, most frequently, these films and television shows discusses how do the members of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgender (LAST) Community fall in eve, their life style, habits, interest in life, or simply, they discusses the lives of an LAST person. Filipino nowadays, especially for those who are in their teenage years, frequently calls gays as Gammon in Vice (the followers of vice). Vice Ganja is a Filipino gay comedian that has a great influence nowadays. While on lesbian side, they call them Gammon in Chance (the followers of Chance). Then Chance Pampering is a preference, a lesbian Among these four (lesbian, gays, bisexual, transgender), gays are the most recognizable because they are very easy to identify. You can consider a person gay if e has a feminine mannerisms, dresses as a woman or identifies as a woman, and also if they are putting girl things on their faces (I. E. Make up, blush on, etc) if they are talkative and more Jubilant than an ordinary man. According to wisped. Org. Filipinos frequently call gays as baklava, fading, bad or paint (straight-acting gay man), while their counterpart, the lesbians, had also several woman creatures, many of these are t-bird, Tibet, and tomboy. The term itself is not the equivalent of the English term gay, but baklava are the most culturally visible subset of gay men in the Philippines. They are often considered a third gender, embodying femaleness (appeasable) in a male body. The term baklava is sometimes used in a derogatory sense, although baklava people have largely embraced it. Baklava individuals are socially and economically integrated into Filipino society and are considered an important part of society. The stereotype of a baklava is a parlors, a cross-dresser who works in a beauty salon. Miss Gay Philippines is a beauty pageant for baklava. LAST citizens may face different social attitudes and legal challenges than heterosexual citizens. Tolerance for LAST people has increased over the years due to rater education about sexual orientation and gender identity issues and the growing visibility and political activism of the LAST community. Same-sex marriages are not legally recognized and the LAST community is not protected by any civil rights laws. Filipino Gay Films Some of the most awarded Filipino gay themed movies according to tablewares. Logout. Com are Markova: Comfort Gay, Nag Pagodas In Maxima Olivers and many others. Markova: Comfort Gay is a 2000 Filipino biographical-drama directed by Gill Porters and written by Claudio del Mound Jar. Produced by REV production. The 21st century darted with much Jessing for history, in the aftermath of centennial of Philippine independence. Markova put a real-life gay face to our past, turning comfort gay into a household na me for homosexuals raped by Japanese soldiers in WI. By following the life of Walter Dumpster Jar. , from young awakening to a senior citizen living in a home for the gay aged, the drama traces a path of survival. Too bad its the image of it boasts the biggest casting stunt in Philippine Cinema to date; The title role played by three actors: Adolph Quinn, a comedian always loved for his fem. caricatures, ND his two sons, Eric Quinn (a former heartthrob pestered by gay rumors) and Jeffrey Quinn, in the performance that Jumpstarted his career as an actors actor. Nag Pagodas in Maxima Olivers (the blossoming of maxima Olivers, 2005) is a dramatic Indies film directed by Ureas Soloist and written by Machismo Hampton, produced by OF Pictures. The freshness shocked the nation out of its toper: Here was a movie about an adolescent femme boy, who lives in poverty with his family of macho crooks, who are totally accepting and loving, until he starts to fall for the honest cop twice his age. And it all slid smoothly down our throats, mainly because the tender, truthful film gave the kid dignity. The runaway hit from the first Kinematical Festival, it demonstrated the possibilities of what a local fund aid can achieve and what a film could become: a record number of top awards from major international festivals, the biggest box office earnings for an independent film (later top by Jimmy Dora), and the paradox that a queer movie can be sweet and innocent without shying away from sexuality. Many filmmakers have since been trying to recapture that lightning in a bottle. In Television. Todays leading television show and can be consider as the most successful gay themed television series is My Husbands Lover by GAMMA Network. My Husbands Lover is a Filipino drama television series created and developed by Suzette Doctored and produced by GAMMA Network. It premiered on June 10, 2013 replacing Love and Lies on the networks coveted Primetimes block, and June 13, 2013 worldwide via GAMMA Pinion TV. The series stars Carla Bellman, Tom Rodriguez, and Dennis Trill as the main characters. Carolyn Eagle serves as the executive producer of the show and Dominic Capita directed the series. It is credited as the very first gay-themed series in the Philippine television due to the series central subject of homosexual relationships and infidelity. The show has multiple continuing story lines that tackle sensitive yet relevant social issues like homosexual and bisexual relationships, homophobia and society discrimination against homosexual, infidelity, premarital sex and consequence of early or unplanned marriages. It also tackles the importance of the family, friendship, integrity and love. The forty-five minute scripted drama chronicles the life of a woman, who belatedly discovers that her husband has been arraying on an affair, but not with another woman. .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d , .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d .postImageUrl , .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d , .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d:hover , .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d:visited , .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d:active { border:0!important; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d:active , .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ef3e0b1ee78c37e19ae852c3eaf110d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Norms and Country Music EssayIn Music Thats why some of the Filipino and International composers influenced by these lesbians in the world to do a lot of songs in connection with them, on how do they spent their lifetime, composers also describe gays and lesbians according to their point of view, emotions and past experiences. Some of the successful gay themed songs are Sirens by Glow-9, Born This Way by Lady Gaga, Mascara Magical Eng Baklava by Distant Lasso. The Sirens by Glow-9 gathered a lot of local and International appreciation by individuals; it is also ones featured in Saputo MO, Jessica Soho defining the lives of gays and lesbians. Mr.. Glow-9 had many real life experiences in connection with the main topic of his music. Also, the Born this Way/ by Lady Gaga. This music is considered as the music for gays and lesbians because of its contents which do completely describe the inner feelings of the gays and lesbians, other races and people of different complexion, thus the music also define the acceptance to different people having different or unique characteristics. One of the songs that can describe the Gays Community according to en. Kipped. Org is l Will Survive, I will Survive is a hit song first performed by American singer Gloria Saying, released in October 1978. It was written by Freddie Preen and Dine Fakirs. A top- selling song after its initial release, it has remained a popular disco anthem, as well as being certified double platinum by the ARIA. The songs lyrics describe the narrators discovery of personal strength following an initially devastati ng breakup, delivered with increasing confidence and backed by a stirring instrumental accompaniment. It is one of the most famous disco songs of all time and remains Signoras biggest hit. It received heavy airplay in 1979, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and on the I-J Singles Chart on consecutive weeks. The song is also frequently recalled as a symbol of female strength and as a gay anthem. The song was included in the 2012 videotape Dance Central 3 and will be included in the upcoming videotape Just Dance 2014. It is also one of the select songs available on the demo version of Just Dance 2014. But probably, one of the most beautiful song that contain a subject about the Gays is the Utility MO Lang sang by Social, a Filipino band. According toastmistresses. Mom, when you got to the chorus, you cant help but notice the positive message that the song wants to get across, this implies that the biologist truly appreciate the message of this song that made them write an article about it. This truly proves that not all people are not appreciating the talents and presence of Gays. This is good to know and probably a great start for the acceptance of the society to the beautiful creatures or simply the gays on Earth. One of the latest Gay themed song in the country is the Gamma by Bra. According to wisped. Org. The music video shows the man and his transgender (baklava) girlfriend enjoying time together, despite friends and other people being against their relationship. Later on in the video, the man realizes that the person he loves is in fact a gay or baklava, after his former girlfriend (played by Kate Llano) revealed that the gay had used a potion to make the man (Bra) attracted to him. He later meets a pretty girl in a bar, and the pair start dating. After the girl goes to lean on his shoulder, the gay (his former love interest) suddenly appears to be the one at his side. At the end of the video, it depicts fellow rapper Leonie as having watched the movie on DVD. The music video is also popular for the short appearance of Janice Statement of the Problem. This part of the research aims to give the guide questions that is going to be answered in the succeeding parts of this research, this part states the things in which the research focused on. The following are the guide questions. 1 . What are the feelings inserted in every song? . What song says negative, positive and neutral messages about Gays Community? 3. Does acceptance in Gays Community present at any song? 4. How the songs do completely describes the Gays Community? 5. Do the songs contain Public Issues about the Gays community and the society? Significance of the Study. This part of the study describes the importance of this research that the researcher will do, what is the impact of this research to the community, to the researchers and most of a;;, to the subjects of the research, which are the Gays Community. Eng composers about the feelings, attitudes, social life, interests and others of the Gays Community. This study may define the emotions of the composers during the completion of their works. The study can also give the readers an up-to-date function of Gays Community according to the composers. The researchers may also give their opinions about the acceptance of the society to these Gays Community. They can also give recommendations and conclusions about todays views of different people on this kind of community. By doing this study, the researchers aims are to give an alternative or maybe permanent solution to some of the problems Gays Community is facing today. This study can also give a great help to those who wants to have a musical content analysis research about the songs containing Gay matters in the future. The study ay contribute to some of the researchers about either music or about the Gays or any related topics of the future students of this institution. Hypotheses. This part of the study gives the educated guess of the researchers about the later results of the study. This part aims to have a preview on the future results to have a comparison later (when the actual results are available) to the actual and precise results of the study. The researchers hypotheses regarding the research are the following. 1 . The feelings inserted at every song are usually happiness and being strong because of he gays that are usually fighting for gender equality and the anti-discriminatory activists of today. . The researchers thought that only the minority of the selected to know that saying or interpreting good message about the Gays Community. 3. The researchers presume that only the minority of the songs contains a message of acceptance to the Gays Community while the others are either neutral or saying that this community does not yet accepted by the Society. 4. In general, these ten (10) songs describe the Gays Community as the one who are Jubilant, fighter s, creative, facial, loving and expressive people of the society. They are also the one who are fighting for the societys full acceptance in all of them. 5. The public issues contained at the majority of songs is all about acceptance of the society to the Gays Community, the issues concerning the behaviors and the way of life is Just comes next. These are all presumes that is not proven by any studies, the above statements are just presumptions or what others called Educated Guess or simply Hypothesis. Scopes and Limitations. This study titled How does selected Local and International song Writers see

The Jungle †by Upton Sinclair

The Jungle – by Upton Sinclair Free Online Research Papers Upon first reading Upton Sinclair’s â€Å"The Jungle,† I was quite disturbed to see what was going on with the meat packing industry. It was disgusting and unbelievable that there were no sanitation rules and regulations required during this time. I am glad that Sinclair was able to bring this problem to everyone’s attention. The fact that diseased animals were knowingly accepted truly disturbed me, â€Å"†¦where men welcomed tuberculosis in the cattle they were feeding, because it made them fatten more quickly.† I don’t understand how the health and well being of the consumer and the workers were not a concern. TB was a dangerous and deadly disease at that time and was not easily cured; I am sickened to know the meat industry played a role in the deaths by TB. â€Å"These rats were a nuisance and the packers would out poison they would die, and then the rats, bread and meat would go in the hoppers together.† The fact that consumers had no idea they were purchasing rat remains, rats, and poison to feed their family is ridiculous. This place was disgusting. I’m surprised more people weren’t killed from the food. The workers I think bothered me a lot, it seemed they were all diseased or sick. Who would want someone like this handling their food with no protection This is disgusting! â€Å"†¦the workers in each of them had their own peculiar disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The fact the workers were all sick made no sense to me Congress should have been on top of this, con sidering the fact that these are the people handling our food. Jurgis’ experience at this time showed the American Culture to be on of a third world culture. It seemed as if we had no morals to tolerate such behavior from the meat packing industry. I am aware that it was not at first brought to the President and Congress’ attention but it should have been something that was regulated anyway. I feel Jurgis’ experience were very significant to the development of our new regulations. In Sinclair’s book he opened our eyes to the unseen world of the meat packing industry and helped develop many sanitation rules. After reading Upton Sinclair’s â€Å"The Jungle† President Roosevelt sent two agents to Chicago to investigate, and when they arrived back they confirmed Sinclair’s story. Roosevelt and Congress then created the meat inspection act of 1906. This law required federal inspection of meats and gave the agriculture department the right to enforce sanitation standards in processing plants. Along with this, the Pure Food and Drug Act was also enacted on the same day. Research Papers on The Jungle - by Upton Sinclair19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationWhere Wild and West MeetThe Spring and Autumn

How to Overcome College Student Homesickness

How to Overcome College Student Homesickness Being homesick in college is more common than most students want to admit. With these 5 tips, however, dealing with it can be a little easier. Call home. This may sound like common sense, but it can really help. The key factor, however, is not to call home all of the time. Dont call more than once a day, and keep the conversation positive. But if you miss your friends, family, boyfriend, or girlfriend, giving them a call can sometimes help ease the heartache. Go visit home once. Visiting home can be a great way to recharge yourself and get some of that TLC (not to mention home cooking) that you need. But going home too often can frequently make homesickness worse. Let yourself go home when you need it, but make sure it doesnt turn into an every-weekend occurrence. Go out with your college friends. Sometimes, a night out with your college friends can do wonders for homesickness. It can take your mind off of things back home, can help you relax and have a good time, and can reinforce relationships that will make your school feel like home sometime soon. Call a friend from back home. Chances are that your group of friends sp read out as each of you went to different colleges. And chances are that your group of friends is missing each other. Give a friend from home a call and catch up for a little while. It may do wonders for your homesickness to just touch base for a quick phone call. Get out of your room. Its incredibly easy to hide in your room in college. But doing so prevents you from meeting new people, trying new things, and experiencing college life in general. You didnt go to school to hide in your room, right? Make sure to spend large chunks of your time out of your room even if its just at a campus coffee shop, the quad, or the library and get your mind on other things. You never know what might happen, but you do know that it wont happen if youre alone in your room all the time.

Correct the Grammar and make it clear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Correct the Grammar and make it clear - Essay Example They struggle to lead their children to success. Here, the families have established in them the respect for other people, especially their neighbors. In our country, we used to meet as classmates in the morning and as neighbors to play together in the evening. It was really a beautiful life supporting and accepting each other. After I saw this interesting video, I realized my duty as a teacher, to help the students strengthen these concepts and encourage them to accept other students along with respecting their feelings, despite of any color difference. I will support my students if they ask me to help. To cooperate with the most important strategies and to begin applying them, I educate the students to encourage and promote their abilities themselves. Communication with parents is also very important. Parents alter to the problem of transcendence among the students and may contribute by changing the style of upbringing their children, helping the school in creating an effective imp act. For the teacher, there are many activities that can be done with their students to reject behaviors such as helping the poor people through collecting the donations. Finally, I would like to advocate about writing the position and feelings of each student by themselves.

Come up with a topic for me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Come up with a topic for me - Essay Example The truth is yet to be established. According to Sartre’s philosophy of Existentialism, each individual in any nation seems to the freedom and right to choose a leader of preference (Sartre, 12). It is always a way of excising their God given power. Sartre and Beauvoir share a number of thoughts in this concept of power and freewill. They both tend towards the philosophy of Abraham Lincoln on Democracy where, the citizens have the sole right and willpower to choose a government. In essence, the kind of head of head of state solely depends on the independent decision of the people. Let us try to see how these theories are connected to Realism and Neo-realism. Political theorists of all time had attempted to design a profound theory of political power and state relations. This enormous theory was dabbed Realism. According to Morgenthau and his theory of realism, all the nations of the world will always have contrasting political interests, a situation that usually ignites conflicts among these states. Realism, as separate political theory, is specifically concerned with political power. The 20th Century realism proponents like Morgenthau and E. H Carr strongly believe that power is the key factor in the entire system of the International relations. Realism clings to the assertion that international politics solely depends on the nature of the human, thus, politics is always a subject to the manipulation of a state leader (Carr, 347). Following the above description of realism, realists seem to be of the opinion that the political stability of any state can only be determined by the nature of the leader in the office. Thus, if the head of state is very aggressive, he is very likely to gain more political powers than the less aggressive president. It is the very aggressive nature of the political leaders that led to some leaders being termed as dictators. In essence, leaders of states have been depicted as

Declaration of Independence and I Have a Dream Essay Example for Free

Declaration of Independence and I Have a Dream Essay Thomas Jefferson’s â€Å"Declaration of Independence† and Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† are texts that have a common denominator: the pursuit of liberty. Although both documents do not focus their context in the same historical moment, both have greatly influenced the history of the United States. Specifically, Jefferson’s purpose with the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† was to denounce the offenses suffered at the hands of Great Britain and to finally declare their absolute independence, sovereignty and liberty. On the other hand, Martin Luther King’s speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream† exhorts people to end the discrimination towards Negroes and finally, their freedom. In the â€Å"Declaration of Independence†, Jefferson employs a very clear and concise language. He used this powerful language in order to use it as an instrument of social and political change. His wordplay is a very persuasive and strong one. The language of the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† is more complicated because it is a document written in 1776 and some of the words written in it are not used so often today. In the speech I Have a Dream, Martin Luther King also used words of strong connotation. It is a speech written mostly in the form of sermon, which is influenced by King, who served as a Baptist clergyman. Both texts employ a highly persuasive language that is mainly directed to their respective audiences. When we analyze the â€Å"Declaration of Independence†, we can realize that Jefferson makes a list of statements to prove the absolute Tyranny, which is present over the States. He uses these to persuade and convince the audience. Also, he repeats phrases such as â€Å"He has†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"For†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to emphasize the facts he is presenting. Basically, the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† is a deductive argument, a form which begins with a principle and is followed by details, examples, and reasoning. Finally, â€Å"I Have a Dream† is the union of many literary techniques. King’s use of repetition in phrases like I have a dream and Let freedom ring emphasize the yearnings of Negroes and present what they mainly seek. It is a work which alludes to the â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. It also has lots of metaphors and analogies. The â€Å"Declaration of Independence† focuses its content first in its preamble, in which are written the most important and basic principles of the Declaration. Then, it is followed by a list of charges against the King of Great Britain, which are directed to demonstrate his tyranny among the States. The conclusion says that they must avoid such tyranny and declare that they have their sovereignty and therefore, their freedom. â€Å"I Have a Dream† mainly focuses on the complaint of the disenfranchisement of Negroes and the exhortation to change. Is a social proposal, a breathtaking and inspiring speech in its content. Finally, we conclude that there are more similarities between the Declaration of Independence and I Have a Dream than differences. They are texts that encourage the masses to enter and begin social movements in order to fight for their rights. These are inspiring and encouraging texts that reflect the feeling of the huge majorities in the United States. Synthesizing, the language is complex and compelling, both are full of literary techniques, and the content is social, and aimed at the masses in order to pursuit their liberty.

Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply :: Economics

Topic 12: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply ----------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction 2. Three Key Facts about Economic Fluctuations 2.1 Fact 1: Economics Fluctuations are Irregular and Unpredictable 2.2 Fact 2: Most Macroeconomic Quantities Fluctuate Together 2.3 Fact 3: As Output Falls, Unemployment Rises 3. Explaining Short-Run Economic Fluctuations 3.1 How the Short Run Differs from the Long Run 3.2 The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations 4. The Aggregate Demand Curve 4.1 Why the Aggregate Demand Curve Slopes Downwards 4.2 Why the Aggregate Demand Curve May Shift 5. The Aggregate Supply Curve 5.1 Why the Aggregate Supply Curve is Vertical in the Long Run 5.2 Why the Aggregate Supply Curve May Shift 5.3 A New Way to Depict Long Run Growth and Inflation 5.4 Why the Aggregate Supply Curve Slopes Upward in the Short Run 5.5 Why the Short Run Aggregate Supply Curve May Shift 6. Two Causes of Economic Fluctuations 6.1 The Effects of a Shift in Aggregate Demand 6.2 The Effects of a Shift in Aggregate Supply 7. Summary 2. Three Key Facts about Economic Fluctuations Economic activity fluctuates from year to year. ----------------------------------------------- In most years production of goods and services rises. On average over the past 50 years, production in the U.S. economy has grown by about 3 percent per year. In some years normal growth does not occur, causing a recession. - A recession is a period of declining real GDP, falling incomes, and rising unemployment. - A depression is a severe recession. 2.1 Fact 1: Economic Fluctuations are Irregular and Unpredictable - Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable. - Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle. 2.2 Fact 2: Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together  · Most macroeconomic variables that measure some type of income or production fluctuate closely together.  · Although many macroeconomic variables fluctuate together, they fluctuate by different amounts. 2.3 Fact 3: As output falls, unemployment rises - Changes in real GDP are inversely related to changes in the unemployment rate. - During times of recession, unemployment rises substantially. 3. Explaining Short Run Economic Fluctuations - Most economists believe that classical theory describes the world in the long run but not in the short run. 3.1 How the Short Run Differs from the Long Run - Changes in the money supply affect nominal variables but not real variables in the long run. - The assumption of monetary neutrality is not appropriate when studying year-to-year changes in the economy. 3.2 The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations ============================================ Two variables are used to develop a model to analyze the short-run fluctuations: - The economy’s output of goods and services measured by real GDP.

Language education Essay

It is not a secret that teaching has a great role in our life. In our constantly changing world we have to get knowledge from everything: from people and things surrounding us, from different technologies, from our experience. But nothing of these can take the place of a teacher, who plays a great role in life of every person. During rather long period of time a teacher was an integral part of children’s life. He does not only impart the knowledge of the world, prepares children for everyday life but also influences their souls, teaches them to be honest, to be patient, to help each other, to  respect each other. But who is a teacher? We usually think that a teacher especially if we speak of a female is a nervous persistent creature. And if we speak of a male, we are sure he is odd, absent- minded and very often not strongly built and healthy. But in the broadest sense, a teacher can be defined as someone who not only teaches or imparts knowledge, but also someone responsible for shaping the minds and hearts of all those whom they teach. Foreign language teachers have a lot of common qualities with the teachers of other subjects. Moreover such â€Å"ideal† teacher would posses personal qualities, technical abilities and professional understanding. One must admit that the future of any student depends on the qualities and dedication of a teacher of foreign language or any other subject. That is why it is necessary to be a good teacher who will create an interest in students to achieve the aims they set for themselves. But what qualities, features do make a teacher a good teacher? Speaking about it first of all we should touch teacher’s personal and professional qualities. The most important feature for both foreign language teacher and teacher of other subjects is to enjoy his profession and love children. If a teacher loves his profession and his students he is ready to devote themselves to such a hard work as being a teacher. A teacher who is full of love for his work is motivated, energized, and creative; he comes to place of work in high spirits, he is open and can share his positive emotions with the students. The next most important concern is teacher’s eternal patience. A foreign language teacher must be patient. He must never be annoyed with students because they don’t understand something. Not all children learn at the same pace and inevitably some will require special attention. However, giving up on these children is a mistake as they can usually succeed with encouragement and hard work. It is a well-known fact that a good teacher must possess leadership qualities. He must have great confidence and strong will power to obtain the best results from his students. A good sense of humour is another great tool that helps a teacher to simplify his task. I  think that a good sense of humor can create a pleasant atmosphere where everyone knows they can ask questions, make mistakes or try out new ideas. One more qualities of a good teacher which is necessary to mention is respect. It is very important to respect the students, their opinions, ideas, style of living, and attitude towards something. Having that respect for others gets you the respect back from others. Endurance, tolerance, optimism, enthusiasm, objectiveness, amiable disposition are also in the first ranks of qualities of a good teacher. I think that all these characteristics are some kind of challenge for a person because it is not so easy to combine all of them. But as the future teachers we must make every effort in order to develop them because we are the future examples for younger generation. Besides, a good foreign language teacher should possess certain professional knowledge. First of all he must know psychology of his children. It will help a teacher to have a certain way with the students, to involve them, to make the lessons more interesting and effective. Without any doubt a good foreign language teacher must be knowledgeable in his subject, because he is an example for the pupils. He must know all the peculiarities of the language, its grammar, lexical structure perfectly well. The pronunciation of a good foreign language teacher must also be on a high level. In other words he must be a professional, a master of his skills. Besides, a good teacher also must have the ability to analyze his work in order to see his mistakes, to find more effective and productive way of teaching. But on the other hand, their social position of officially respected but badly paid specialists doesn’t allow them to occupy the desirable step on the social ladder. Unfortunately very often teachers don’t have an easy access to necessary scientific literature to improve their professional skills. One more negative aspect of this profession is that they almost have no weekends, as their Monday is more likely to begin on Sunday, because some important preparations should be done. And young teachers are often not ready for the emotional impact and the amount of work  coming down on the teacher. To draw the conclusion, one can say that future teachers must remember that being a teacher is a great responsibility, because teachers are charged with children’s young souls. They must improve themselves in order to become good teachers, to acquire the qualities which will help to open children’s hearts, to become friends for them, to become examples for them to follow, to stay in their minds and hearts forever. One cannot deny that the experience the teachers get at school make a great influence on their attitudes to life and people.

Letter Form a Birmingham Jail Mlk

Oppressed feelings: No longer Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was incarcerated after fighting for his rights in a nonviolent peaceful protest to fight, exercising the first amendment of the Bill of Rights, and the Freedom of speech; an automatic given for those who do not consist of colored skin. In response, Dr. King wrote a powerful letter to the â€Å"genuine† clergymen announcing his strong opinions and beliefs toward segregation, discrimination, and racism. Dr.Martin Luther King Jr. executed such an overwhelming piece of writing expressing the poor treatment of African Americans, the explanations of his actions, and his opinions regarding a true and better government. He expressed his desire and faith for the greater good and change in this letter with the use of emotional appeals such as imagery, diction, and descriptions of his harsh personal experiences regarding segregation and discrimination because of his skin color.Paragraphs 14 and 15 consists of emotional twists from unjust laws and release a combination of emotional and harsh events from the African American’s reality that bring the reader into their perspective from a hated level. In these paragraphs, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gets more personal and specific about the harsh treatment of African Americans and personal experiences regarding their harsh reality. Imagery shows all throughout this paragraph to create powerful and tear quenching emotions from the reader to get you to at least slightly understand their perspective.Dr. King immensely expresses what not only he, but all African Americans are and have been going through. He is able to paint a picture in the readers’ head of the abuse, pain, and hatred they have felt. But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when you have seen hate filled policemen curse, kick, and even kill your black brothers and sisters; when you see the vast majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering in an airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society†¦(218).All I see is hate filled police and Caucasian’s with disgust in their face causing undeserving pain to people that only have one difference: their skin color. Although I was not there to personally experience this torment, Dr. King is able to withdraw my emotions with just the truth, and put me on his side. His picture withdrew disgust and angriness for what our society is and how human beings can be. That little piece of the actual paragraph is just a glimpse. Dr. King goes on and on about their mistreatment.They are not just pained physically, but they are also haunted emotionally and mentally as well, â€Å"When you are harried by day and haunted by night by the fact that you are a Negro, living in constantly tiptoe stance, never quite knowing what to expect next, and are plagued with inner fears and outer resentments; when you are forever fighting a de generating sense of â€Å"nobodiness†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (218). Personally, feeling alone and insignificant is one of my worst fears about life, and Dr. King along with â€Å"twenty million† others suffered from this feeling for centuries.Imagery was able to capture my full attention in this paragraph, allowed me to see a glimpse of their pain, suffering, and mistreatment. With the powerful impact of imagery in these paragraphs, it certainly wasn’t the only strategy he used. Diction was an immeasurable aspect of this paragraph. The structure of Dr. King’s vocabulary was eloquent and delivered in such a structured, skillful manner that he was able to draw tear-filled emotions to his audience. He used words such as ‘curse’, ‘kick’, ‘lynch’, ‘kill’, ‘smothering’, ‘humiliated’, and ‘despair’.These words are able to describe to the reader of the completely atrocious way peopl e treated each other because of such an insignificant matter, the difference in skin color. Just reading these chosen words and how well it played with imagery, I winced. Using diction is shown to be powerful in this case because if Dr. King were to have only said, ‘mistreatment’, ‘abuse’, or ‘discriminated’, it would not have withdrawn as much emotion from his audience at the time and the readers now.His in detail descriptions of his barbaric treatment and personal experiences is the most influential and compelling strategy in paragraph 14 and 15. The disturbing events that occurred in that time period showed how cruel mankind to be. Dr. King shares experiences such as explaining to his children their harsh realities at that moment in time: When you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six year old daughter why she can’t go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her yes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority beginning to form in her little mental sky†¦When you have to concoct an answer for a five year old son who is asking: ‘Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean? (218). Children are thought to be so innocent, pure from hatred, and chance giving and then when their little hearts are corrupted to think they are less than someone else, and they feel like they are in a world full of hurt, what are they to do then?Dr. King also shares his bleak experiences of witnessing that hatred be performed with murder and being denied what is thought of as automatic rights. These personal experiences not only keep your nose to the paper, but it is appalling to know the easy capabilities we hold as human beings to torment others for little things not only mentally, but physically, to the point of taking their lives completely aw ay from them.These lives taken lived a life where they were beaten and never shown the feeling of whole freedom and life without hypothetical chains. Dr. King was able to use these experiences to squeeze emotions out of his audience. They not only described their cold facts, but it brought me to his level of understanding and on his side. Dr. King did more than just simply explain their experience. Dr.King described that they have been waiting â€Å"for more than 340 years for† their â€Å"constitutional and God given rights† and watching other nations such as â€Å"Asia† and â€Å"Africa† move â€Å"with jetlike speed toward gaining political independence†, but how the United States was still creeping â€Å"at horse and buggy pace toward gaining a cup of coffee at a lunch counter† (217). He talked about how it was appalling for someone who never had to watch â€Å"vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters a nd brothers at whim† (218) to say, â€Å"Wait. That with everything they have been through, they cannot and will not endure it any longer. He strongly felt that this could happen no longer, and that if it took â€Å"disobey[ing] unjust laws† (218) then he would. These paragraphs proved to be a monumental breakthrough for this letter. He described how he wasn’t going to take it any longer. After a lifetime of witnessing hate, ignorance, and abuse, personally being discriminated and segregated against for his skin color, and being thrown in jail for peacefully protesting, exercising the first mendment, he was still standing strong in his beliefs, not backing down. He was able to persevere through so much, and he wasn’t going to stop until his point was being made and change was happening. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was able to execute these immaculate paragraphs through emotional appeals (diction, imagery, and personal experiences) to minimally just slightl y understand what he has been through, and that he will not back down or tolerate it any longer.His cruel reality was not the only thing to breakthrough his audiences’ exterior but his strong will and genuine personality was able to make a huge impact. Through everything, and only being shown hate and violence, he retaliated with calmness, peaceful protests, and nonviolent maneuvers. This was more than the rest of the human race was able to do. After that, Dr. Martin Luther King deserves all the respect in the world.

Gestalt Key Concepts Essay Example

Gestalt Key Concepts Essay Example Gestalt Key Concepts Paper Gestalt Key Concepts Paper Gestalt therapy aims for self knowledge, acceptance and growth by looking at the current existence. This theory entails concepts around what is actually currently happening rather than what has happened in the past. It focuses on the here and now, not on what should be, could be or what was. From this present centred forcus, one can become clear about ones needs, wishes, goals and values. The concepts emphasized in gestalt therapy are creative adjustment and modification, unfinished business, Zones of awareness, creative indifference Creative adjustment and modification: contact is necessary if change and growth are to occur. Contact is made by, seeing, hearing, smelling, touching and moving. It is made effectively by interacting with nature and other people without one losing their individuality, however people often resist contract. Resistance to contact are defences we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present. These modification are called introjection, projection, retoflection,, deflection and confluence. The therapist is to help the client to become aware of how there are blocking there contact with themselves and environment. Unfinished business: This refers to clients who do finish things in their lives and often relates to people with growth disorder. Clients with unfinished business often resent the present and because of this are unable to focus on the here and now. For example if figures emergy from the background but are not completed and resolved, clients or individuals are left with unfinished business and this can manifest in expressed feelings such as resentment, frustration, rage, pain , anxitey, and grief. : Zones of awareness: this concept where you focus on what one is in touch with and in situations requiring such attention. It is thought that is leads to insight results in change or adjustment. This concept encourages the client to directly experience a situation rather then talk about it. These three zone of awareness according to gestalt therapy, outer zone, middle zone and inner zone. We / clients can get struck in any of these zones. Its best being able to be choose from one zone to another in order to develop self awareness. Awareness is needed in situations where thinking and acting are not working and in which one does not learn from experience. It helps the client gain awarenesss of what there are experiencing and doing at that particular time in there life. Outer zone: this is where the client makes contact with the outer world through the use of all senses. This includes awareness of there environment and the other people. Middle zone: this zone includes all over thinking process and what we imagine, fantasize, memories and daydream. Inner zone: this zone is concerned with what we feel, experience, dreamworld, our emotions and bodily sensations. We make statements such as â€Å"I am noticing†, â€Å"I am imagining†, â€Å"I am feeling† there relate to the three zones by paying attention to all three zones we can heighten our own awareness so that we become a highly attend instrument, assessing what is going on and for using this knowledge to help build the relationship we want with ourselves and the client.

Good Advice About Bad Writing

Good Advice About Bad Writing Good Advice About Bad Writing Good Advice About Bad Writing By Mark Nichol How does one avoid being a bad writer? Presumably, most people visiting or subscribing to this site needn’t concern themselves with being accused of high crimes against the English language, but allow me to make a distinction between poor writing and bad writing. Poor writing is lazy, careless writing, an attempt to communicate without adequate preparation or care. It is writing replete with passive construction, limp verbs, leaden clichà ©s, mixed metaphors, dangling participles and misplaced modifiers, and other enemies of clear prose. Without vigilance, we are all vulnerable we can easily produce any one of these errors, and perhaps more than one, in a single article or essay or short story. But poor writing is a multiplicity of such mistakes, and it is a sin of omission rather than one of commission: We might commit all these transgressions because we don’t know or recognize them. Bad writing is more of a challenge, because it is a sin of commission: You have to make an effort to write badly though it is easier to achieve than you might think, because many very accomplished, intelligent people do so. How does one manage to join such exalted company? Bad writing is that which demonstrates a surfeit of intention. (Translation: Bad writing happens when you try too hard.) Forty years ago, S. Leonard Rubenstein, now a professor emeritus at Pennsylvania State University, wrote â€Å"If a man intends to impress someone, his work will not be clear, because he does not intend clarity: he intends to impress.† And that is when writing often goes bad: Writers let their desire to demonstrate erudition, artistry, or cleverness acceptable in small doses overwhelm their effort to communicate. We see it in academic and technical writing, laden with polysyllabic prose and complicated and extensive sentence construction that obfuscates rather than opens our eyes. We see it in lay nonfiction, when arguments fight themselves, explanations leave us more confused than before, and overwrought overwriting leaves us overwhelmed. We see it in fiction, when novelists and short story writers belabor their narrative with contrived constructions and purple prose. Here are some tips on avoiding the pitfalls of bad writing: 1. Be Fresh The purpose of metaphor and simile is to evoke recognition by comparison or allusion. Write these analogies to aid your readers with your clarity of vision, not to serve your ego, and avoid clichà ©s. 2. Be Clear When drafting expository fiction or nonfiction, record your voice as you spontaneously describe a scene or explain a procedure, transcribe your comments, and base your writing on the transcription, revising only to select more vivid verbs and more precise nouns and to seek moderation in adverbs and adjectives. 3. Be Active Use the passive voice judiciously. 4. Be Concise Write tight. 5. Be Thorough Accept that writing is the easy part; it’s the revision that makes or breaks your project and requires most of your effort. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing LightDeck the Halls50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Not yet Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Not yet - Case Study Example It has also helped the company to maintain its sustainability. The company also has a wide product line. This is a subsection of the product mix. The Coca-Cola Company has a lot of products that have similar features which helps to attract the buyers. Providing consumers with a variety of products to choose from, and will therefore not require one to look for something from a different brand. This has made it a very popular company (Dost, 2006). The Coca-Cola Company has a wide product width; this means the different categories of products that the company has. The coca cola products have been put into many different categories; this makes it easy to please customers and to entice the prospective buyers. The product length of a company is the types of products within a company which complement each other. The company has been able to expand its width considerably, as it has many more beverages that are related to each other, even if they are not sold together. The company also boasts of a product depth where a product has different categories. For example, the coca cola company has coke light, coke classic, and coke diet (Coca-Cola, 2015). This makes it a very convenient product because one never runs out of alternatives to choose from (Ferrell & Hartline, 2007). The brand of a company is its unique identification name and symbol. This helps it to be easily distinguished from other companies. For the Coca-Cola classic, its brand name is quite popular all around the world. This has helped the company to flourish because it is outstanding, and a customer will not have any doubts that the product he or she is purchasing is the very one that they wanted. The coca cola company has many different brands. This makes it easier for buyers to choose the product they want. It has also helped to expand the company because of the brand loyalty that it has acquired over the years. It is a huge brand; therefore any product that is associated

Applied communication ,on MOOCS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applied communication ,on MOOCS - Essay Example In order to learn and earn a certification in a certain field, the MOOCs exempts the learners of many costs in terms of fare that they need to have so that they can get to centres of learning. This reduces the cost of services the students have to pay to access education because they do not have to pay for any movements to any place. This happens because the mode of provision of services, online delivery of services, enable the students to access the learning materials from any place in the world as far as there is availability of internet. Comparing the cost of the internet that a students pay for and that of the travel that they can pay on travelling to the college or renting an accommodation facility, the former is very low than the latter. This means that the cost of education through MOOCs for students (Bowen, 2013). When a person enrols in a course program in MOOCs, he or she does not have to concentrate on buying expensive reading materials. This is because through the online system of learning the students are able to access many online reading materials that a person needs so that he or she can achieve the goals of his or her course. This means that a student will not incur the cost of buying books from the market, which would increase the cost of education. The cost of buying stationeries is exempted because a student can make notes on the computer in which he or she uses therefore, avoid the cost books and pens. This means that this learning method is less costly as compared to other methods of learning where students have to have pens and other writing materials that cost them a lot of money (Archibald & Feldman, 2011). In delivery of services, the students do not have to go to classes, which would increase the demand for money by the institution that offers the learning and therefore, increase the cost. Also, there are few lecturers that

Depression in adolescents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Depression in adolescents - Essay Example Some researchers have suggested that "even among psychiatrists . . . the extent of the disability caused by depression is vastly underestimated." (Empfield, 2001) Further, it is logical to argue that "major depression causes more long-term human misery than any other single disease." (Empfield, 2001) Diagnosing and treating such a disease as early as possible in an individual's life may enable it to be effectively eradicated for their later years. While some early childhood depression does occur, the condition mainly appears in the teenage years. It will remain with the patient, become episodic or cause drastic symptoms such as suicide if it is left untreated. The causes of depression in general are still somewhat controversial within the medical community: situational and biological theories often conflict, while those that argue for a situational and biological cause are perhaps gaining ground. The physical features of the brain of person suffering from depression/who are liable to depression. As Cynthia Haines puts it, "there is absolute proof that people suffering from depression have changes in their brains . . . the hippocampus, a part of the brain that is vital to the storage of memories, is small in those people." (Haines, 2005) A smaller hippocampus has less serotonin receptors, and it appears that serotonin is important for the brain to communicate with the body, as well as a regulator of mood. A lack of serotonin appears to cause depression. There are also genetic causes of depression, or at least the propensity to become depressed seems to run in families. As Haines (2005) puts it, "children, siblings and parents of people with severe depression are much more likely to suffer from depression than are members of the general population." However, despite current searching, scientists have yet to discover the gene that may cause depression. (Alpert, 2005) The fact that both psychosocial and biological factors cause and maintain depression seems accepted, but the exact manner in which they combine is not certain. One reason that teenagers appear to suffer from more depression than other groups may be the 'quality of life' estimates that individuals constantly make. As Miller et al (2005) suggest, "quality of life reflects the patient's overall perceived satisfaction or quality. . . ". Teenagers often have a much lower perception of their lives than other age-groups, due to the physical, emotional, psychological and economic changes that are occurring to them. Teenage depression may express itself in different ways than adult depression. Thus teenagers may exhibit "additional psychiatric disorders, such as behavior disorders or substance abuse problems." (www.focusus.com) Often these additional symptoms seem to swamp the signs of depression and so the teenager may be treated (and/or disciplined) for the symptoms of depression when in fact the cause is not looked at. Thus a teenager who is suffering from depression may drink alcohol excessively, indulge in highly risky behavior or take drugs. These acts will be more visible than the underlying depression, and so are easier to latch onto for parents, school authorities and the police. Another complication is the fact that parents need to be able to identify the

National Transportation Safety Board Aircraft Accident Brief

National Transportation Safety Board Aircraft Accident Brief Accident Summary The Hendricks Motorsport plane crash occurred on 24 October 2001.   The airplane crashed in the mountainous regions in Stuart Virginia killing the crew and passengers aboard. The plane crash occurred after a missed landing on the runway 30 of the Martinsville Blue Ridge Airport (NTSB, 2006).   The plane contained two crewmembers and eight passengers who were part of the Hendricks Motorsport Racing team.   All the people on the aircraft died in the accident.   The plane crashed and exploded into flames after impact.   The team was traveling from Concord airport in North Carolina for a racing event. Information from the FAA records of communications and operations of the flight shows that the plane followed all the right procedures including altitude and headings.   However, the problem arose while approaching the Martinsville airport runway (NTSB, 2006).   The plane scheduled a landing on runway thirty but failed to do so under the advisement of the controller tower.   The controller informed the crew that they were second in line for the runway and initiated a holding pattern that extended to 28 minutes.   The flight crew received the message and started 5-mile legs to wait. The team undertook a five-mile holding pattern by making a right turn and ascent to 4000 ft.   The team went on with the holding pattern until the controller cleared them for landing and instructed them to announce their approach to the runway (NTSB, 2006).   The crew followed instructions, informed the controller of the inbound approach, and began their descent to the runway.   The controller confirmed the approached through the radio frequency and the crew proceeded with the approach by descending from 3900ft to 1400ft.   The plane maintained this attitude for approximately over one minute.   It was then that the team announced a missed approach was prompting the controller to ask for confirmation.   The crewmembers ceased all communications after confirming the missed approach.   The Controller further advised the flight crew to ascend to 4400ft but received no response and lost the radar. The Bull Mountains of Stuart Virginia were the scene of the crash about 2400ft away from the landing site.   Eyewitness reports indicated that the aircraft was operating efficiently before the accident.   The engine produced a smooth continuous sound that may have meant idling (NTSB, 2006).   Further reports showed that the plane was flying extremely low at a slow velocity.   There did not seem to be any challenges to the aircrafts performance at the time. However, it is important to note that there was fog in the atmosphere at the date of the crash.   The fog was a factor limiting visibility as it covered the Bull Mountains.   Reports indicate the visibility was up to a quarter mile. A review of the pilots credentials presented him as qualified. He had an estimated 10,733 hours of flight with almost 2000 in the Beech aircraft.   He was 51 years of age and had a significant amount of experience as a pilot.   He had also undergone rigorous training and passed his previous reviews.   The first officer had less experience totaling to 2090 hours of flight (NTSB, 2006).   However, she was qualified evidenced by her qualifications and past performance.   The multiengine plane had passed inspection a few months later with an accumulated flight time of 8079 hours.   The plane had a GPS system with an old database.   It also lacked ground proximity detectors that would have warned the pilot when flying at low altitudes.   The plane was scheduled for a systems upgrade later in the year.   The weather report during the accident indicated cloudy atmosphere with high humidity and patchy fog.   A pilot for the plane ahead of the Hendrickss Motorsports plane claimed that the climate under the clouds had relatively high visibility up to 2 miles.   However, the weather kept on shifting during the flight. Reference NTSB, (2006). Accident Investigations NTSB National Transportation Safety Board. App.ntsb.gov. Retrieved 15 February 2017, from https://app.ntsb.gov/investigations/fulltext/AAB0601.html

GMS Contract :: essays research papers

The new GMS contract PCTs should consider how community pharmacists can be better engaged to help general practice meet the targets in the GMS quality framework and as an alternative provider of enhanced GMS services. In some cases, the core services proposed as part of the new pharmacy contract will actually ensure GP practices meet certain quality standards. The National Pharmaceutical Association (NPA) resource pack ‘A quick reference guide to the Quality Indicators in the new GMS contract’ describes the key quality indicators, what services community pharmacy can offer to support GP practices and examples of the published evidence base. This is available in the NPA section of DrugInfoZone at . The new pharmacy contractThe DH, the NHS Confederation and the Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee (PSNC) are currently negotiating a new pharmacy contract which will be implemented during 2004 .The proposed framework for the new pharmacy contract is as follows:Essen tial servicesEssential services will form the core of the pharmacy contract and be provided by all pharmacies. These services include:DispensingFind out morewww.druginfozone.nhs.uk/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 3 Vision’ contains clear signposts on the future direction of community pharmacy service development. For example it states that â€Å"Pharmacy is an integral part of the NHS family. We want to see pharmacists strengthening their contribution to the provision of high quality, patient centred NHS services.† ‘The Vision’particularly emphasises the role for community pharmacists in the public health agenda and medicines management, and stresses the importance of having a pharmacist on the PEC.‘A Vision for Pharmacy in the new NHS’ is available at . Full responses from the national pharmacy bodies are available at their respective websites atand A summary of responses to ‘The Vision’ is available at Proposals to reform and modernise the NHS (pharmaceutical services) regulations 1992 The Government is currently developing proposals for changes in the control of entry regulations.The key changes that PCTs need to be aware of (within the cu rrent DH consultation) are:Secondary legislation may introduce the concepts of â€Å"consumer choice and competition† within the definitions of necessary and desirable, which are used to judge pharmacy contract applications.Exemptions for pharmacies in shopping developments of over 15,000 square metres, those planning to open 100 hours per week and those who are â€Å"part of consortium to develop new one stop centres† may be given. However in relation to exemptions, an exemption may only be given if the pharmacy is going to provide a â€Å"full and prescribed range of services, appropriate to local needs, as determined by the PCT†.

Economic Development and Social Change Essay

1) What is the primary goal of modernization theory in contrast to theories of capital formation? Compare and contrast Hoselitz’ formulation of modernization theory with Lewis’ theory of capital formation In the 18th century, during the Age of Enlightenment, an idea named the Idea of Progress emerged whereby its believers were thought of being capable of developing and changing their societies. This philosophy initially appeared through Marquis de Condorcet, who was involved in the origins of the theoretical approach whereby he claimed that technological advancements and economical changes can enable changes in moral and cultural values. He encouraged technological processes to help give people further control over their environments, arguing that technological progress would eventually spur social progress. In addition, Émile Durkheim developed the concept of functionalism in the sociological field, which emphasizes on the importance of interdependence between the different institutions of a society and their interaction in maintaining cultural and social unity. His most well known work, The Division of Labour in Society, which outlines how order in society could be controlled an d managed and how primitive societies could make the transition to more economically advanced industrial societies. Another reason for the emergence of the modernization theory derived from Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations, which represented the widespread practical interest on economic development during a time when there was a constant relation between economic theory and economic policy that was considered necessary and obvious. It was by analysing, critiquing, and hence moving away from these assumptions and theories that the modernization theory began to establish itself. At the time the United States entered its era of globalism and a ‘can do’ attitude characterized its approach, as in the functionalist modernization advanced by B. Hoselitz: â€Å"You subtract the ideal typical features or indices of underdevelopment from those of development, and the remainder is your development program†. As he also presents in Social Structure and Economic Growth , this body of economic theory â€Å"abstracted from the immediate policy implications to which it was subject† and also â€Å"assumed human motivations and the social and cultural environment of economic activity as relatively rigid and unchanging givens†(23-24). He claims that the difference lies in the extra examination of what is beyond simply economics terms and adjustments, by â€Å"restructuring a social relations in general, or at least those social relations which are relevant to the performance of the productive and distributive tasks of the society†(26). Most forms of evolutionism conceived of development as being natural and endogenous, whereas modernization theory makes room for exogenous influences. Its main aim is to attain some understanding of the functional interrelationship of economic and general social variables describing the transition from an economically â€Å"underdeveloped† to an â€Å"advanced† society. Modernization theory is usually referred to as a paradigm, but upon closer consideration turns out to be host to a wide variety of projects, some presumably along the lines of ‘endogenous change’ namely social differentiation, rationalization, the spread of universalism, achievement and specificity; while it has also been associated with projects of ‘exogenous change’: the spread of capitalism, industrialization through technological diffusion, westernization, nation building, state formation (as in postcolonial inheritor states). If occasionally this diversity within modernizat ion is recognized, still the importance of exogenous influences is considered minor and secondary. I do not view ‘modernization’ as a single, unified, integrated theory in any strict sense of ‘theory’. It was an overarching perspective concerned with comparative issues of national development, which treated development as multidimensional and multicausal along various axes (economic, political, cultural), and which gave primacy to endogenous rather than exogenous factors. (Tiryakian, 1992: 78) In the context of Cold War modernization theory operated as a highly interventionalist tool enabling the ‘free world’ to impose its rules and engage in ‘structural imperialism’. Typically this occurred in the name of the forces of endogenous change such as national building, the entrepreneurial spirit and achievement orientation. In effect modernization theory was a form of globalization that was presented as endogenous change. Modernization theory, therefore, emerged from these ideas in order to explain the process of modernization within societies. The theory examines not only the internal factors of a country but also how with the aid of technology and the reformation of certain cultural structures, â€Å"traditional† countries can develop in the same manner that more developed countries have. In this way, the theory attempts to identify the social variables, which contribute to social progress and the development of societies, and seeks to explain the process of social evolution. The question of the functional relations between all or most culture traits is left open, and special attention is â€Å"given only to those aspects of social behaviour that have significance for economic action, particularly as this action relates to conditions affecting changes in the output of goods and services achieved by a society†(30). They conceptualize the process of development in a similar linear, evolutionary form as older evolutionary theories of progress, but seek to identify the critical factors that initiate and sustain the development proc ess. These factors, they argue, are both intrinsic and extrinsic: the former involves the diffusion of modern technologies and ideas to the developing world, while the latter requires the creation of local conditions, such as the mobilization of capital, which will foster progress. Modernization theorists believe that primitive production, an anachronistic culture, and apathetic personal dispositions combine to maintain an archaic socioeconomic system that perpetuates low levels of living. Modernization theorists hold that policies designed to deal with these traditional impediments to progress primarily through economic intervention, provide the key to prosperity. Overall, Hoselitz’s modernization theory is a sociological theory of economic growth that determines the mechanisms by which thesocial structure of an underdeveloped economy was modernized – that is, altered to take on the features of an economically advanced country. Hoselitz’s answer was based on the â€Å"theory of social deviance† – that is, that new things were started by people who were different from the norm. Unlike Lewis’ theories that we will revise later, Hoselitz thought that small-scale private economic development was the best way of achieving development in Third World economies. This particularly involved revaluing what he called â€Å"entrepreneurial performance†, something that Lewis also agrees with, but in a way that provided not only wealth but also social status and political influence. In Chapter 8 of Sociological Aspects of Economic Growth, Hoselitz focuses on the creation of â€Å"generative cities† (that is, cities producing innovations) rather than traditional rural areas were the focal points for the introduction of new ideas and social and economic practices. Many of the early colonial settlements in the New World and South Africa, Hoselitz claimed, were parasitic, enjoying a certain degree of economic growth â€Å" within the city itself and its surrounding environs† only at the expense of the rest of the region, which was ruthlessly exploited for its natural and agricultural resources (p.280). Although prescriptions for inducing social change and removing cultural obstacles to economic modernization in developing countries may be described as social policies, they do not seek to deal directly with mass poverty and its attendant problems of malnutrition, ill-health, inadequate housing, illiteracy, and destitution. These critical welfare concerns are seldom referred to by modernization theorists, namely by Hoselitz. Instead, the implicit assumption in his writings is that the process of economic development and social change will raise levels of living and remedy these problems automatically. Since economic growth, engendered by capital investments in modern industry, will expand employment, the proportion of the population in subsistent poverty will steadily decline. The increasing numbers of workers in the modern economy will experience a steady rise in real income that will be sufficient not only to satisfy their basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter but permit them to purchase consumer commodities as well as social goods such as medical care, education, and social security. Arthur Lewis was one of the first economists to create a theory about how industrialized and economically stable countries are capable of helping undeveloped countries progress. He presented this theory in his work Economic Development with the Unlimited Supplies of Labor† where he brings about the concept of capital formation. He defines it as the transfer of savings from households and governments to business sectors, resulting in increased output and economic expansion. He claims that his â€Å"model says, in effect, that if unlimited supplies of labor are available at a constant real wage, and if any part of profits is reinvested in productive capacity, profits will grow continuously relatively to the national income, and capital formation will also grow relatively to the national income†(158). From here bridged off his development of the two-sector model of the economy and the theory of dualism. Both posit the existence of a substantial pool of underutilized labor in a backward, subsistent agricultural sector of an economy that perpetuates low levels of production and mass poverty. This model comprises two distinct sectors, the capitalist and the subsistence sectors. The former, which may be private or state-owned, includes principally manufacturing industry and estate agriculture; the latter, mainly small-scale family agriculture and various other types of unorganized economic activity. Here the capital, income and wages per head, the proportion of income saved, and the rate of technological progress are all much higher in the capitalist sector. The subsi stence sector is both at a very low level, and also stagnant, with negligible investment and technical progress and no new wants emerging. Institutional arrangements are the ones maintaining this chronic disequilibrium between the sectors, implicit in these differences in real income and productivity. In the extended family the members receive approximately the average product of the group even if the marginal product is much less. The process of development, initiated by an increase in the share of capitalists in the national income, I essentially the growth of the capitalist sector at the expense of the subsistence sector, with the goal of the ultimate absorption of the latter by the former. To some extent, this is similar to Hoselitz’s development of the modernization theory, whereby the claims that the formation of his generative cities (a) creates a new demand for industrial raw materials from the surrounding region, and (b) attracts new population to the cities, thereby increasing the demand for food from the countryside. The net effect of these forces is a â€Å"widening of economic development over an increasing area affecting a growing proportion of the population outside the city†(Hoselitz, 282). However, Lewis’ theory has several limitations and conditions, most importantly that his theory can be applied only in countries with unlimited supplies of labor. Unlimited supplies of labor arise from the employment of more workers than is productively effective. Lewis went through all of the areas of Caribbean society where he thought there were pools of labour in which the marginal productivity was negative, negligible or zero. His plan now was to make this a potential, industrial labour force. He could take all of the labour away from agriculture, away from casual labour, without lowering the profit margins of the places where they are currently employed. This was not a radical, disruptive assault on the existing economic order, which resulted in one of the main reasons that his theory was so successful. Ineffective production, occurring when an additional worker prevented the previous one from producing another product (hence equaling a negative marginal productivity) was common in the Caribbean, Southeast Asia and other undeveloped regions of the world. Several sectors of the economy employ too many people with negligible, zero or negative marginal productivity. According to Lewis these productively unnecessary individuals are employed in agriculture, or are casual workers, petty traders, or women of the household. He claims that the transfer of these people’s work from these areas towards commercial employment is one of the most notable features of economic development. The second source of labor for expanding industries is the increase in the population resulting from the excess of births over deaths. After his analysis of the effect of development on death rate, whereby he concludes that â€Å"[death rates] come down with development from around 40 to around 12 per thousand†(144), he claims therefore that â€Å"in any society where the death rate is around 40 per thousand, the effect of economic development will be to generate an increase in the supply of labor†(144). From this point of view, he states, †Å"there can be in an over-populated economy an enormous expansion of new industries or new employment opportunities without any shortage of unskilled labor†(145), though too many people could again cause ineffective production. He clarifies this by saying, â€Å"Only so much labor should be used with capital as will reduce the marginal productivity of labor to zero†(145). This can be achieved by offering and maintaining decently high wages. The wages offered should be only slightly higher than the wages available in the subsistence sector, since wages that are too high may attract more workers than needed. But firstly, and perhaps most importantly, entrepreneurial-minded capitalists are required in order to invest in the nation. Tax holidays attract the foreign capitalists. It is not a very difficult task, because they have very good incentives to come. The planter class in the Caribbean seemed just like the planter class in the American South – it had no desire to go industrial and no desire to go competitive. It was still trapped in a situation between an old monopoly system and a market situation since they were able to negotiate for a protected market for sugar, not a competitive market. Lewis then looked around realized the only way he could keep this program of industrialization launched would be by visiting England and America where capitalists and entrepreneurs were flourishing and foster their entrance into the Caribbean. Again, he employed the concept of a dual economy where a subsistence sector existed, but also from where he created from scratch this modern industria l sector to establish on modern capitalism. Capitalists in North America and Europe found these labouring conditions and costs in the Caribbean quite attractive. Getting this labour to the imported capitalists would not be resisted locally because he was taking those labourers with marginal productivity of zero. Once they began working, he would then re-invest more capital into the factory, so that it could expand, employ more workers, export more products, and increase profits, hence developing a self-feeding system that would eventually lead the national income to grow. Although Hoselitz also is of the belief that the formation of a dual economy is beneficial, rather than necessarily attract foreign capitalists through such incentives, Hoselitz believes that the creation of westernized cities led the way forward. He claims that cities modelled after the Western cities exhibited a spirit difference from the traditionalism of the countryside. In this way, he differs slightly from Le wis in that he favored a shift in political power away from traditional leaders and toward total control by economic and urban modernizers in underdeveloped countries, not necessarily foreign entrepreneurial capitalist as Lewis asserts. Lewis knew that some products would work better than others, so he developed an Industrial Programming Market – a number of basic calculations about those particular commodities, if produced in the Caribbean, would be particularly competitive internationally. And so as a result of this study Lewis found that the production of airbrushes, gloves, furniture, needles, shirts, and leather goods would be particularly good to produce, given the skills of the labour force available at the time. For the self-feeding system to be a continuous process, costs of labour had to remain fairly constant. If the cost of labour rose too rapidly, they would not be sustained since the goods would no longer be internationally competitive. The key to this model is indeed international competitiveness. Capitalists can create more capital when the supply of money is higher, and hence if governments create credit, inflation arises yet does not have the same effect as the inflation that arises during depression periods. This inflation only has an effect on the prices in the short-run so that in the long run the final effect equal to what it would be if capital was formed by the reinvestment of profit. Lewis discusses at so me length the methods by which governments of underdeveloped countries can raise revenue, especially the substantial funds required for government capital formation. For familiar political and administrative reasons much of this revenue has to be raised from indirect taxes, notably import and excise duties and export taxes. He argues that indirect taxation is more likely to increase than to decrease the supply of effort: The taxpayer usually does not know how much tax is included in the prices of the articles he buys, so in so far as the disincentive effect of taxation is psychological it can be avoided by using indirect rather than direct taxes†¦ If it is an increase in indirect taxation, the effect is probably to increase effort rather than to reduce it (414). Because of the multiple restrictions in this model, it is designed for countries with unlimited supplies of labor and hence this growth has a limit: â€Å"The process must stop when capital accumulation has caught up with population, so there is no longer surplus labor†(172). Furthermore, if wages are too high, they may consume the entirety of the profit leading to no re-investment. Several other reasons for the end of capital formation vary; the occurrence of natural disasters, war or a change of political system can also prevent further economic expansion in a closed economy. Lewis’ model is powerful but also highly restricted and specific to only a handful of nations. Some critics also claim that the distinction between the two sectors is too sharp; that small-scale agriculture is often far from stagnant and the emergence of the production of cash crops by individual producers has in fact been a key instrument in economic development since capital formation is actually created in this type of agriculture. Also, this model requires low wages for the labor force, yet very low wages result in a wide gap between the lower and upper class in a society, an issue that many have questioned thoroughly. Lewis says openly that exploitation can easily occur in this model, but that it is part of capital accumulation. He believes that one has to sacrifice a generation to grow the economy, because he assumed that if all goes well and more consumers are attracted to Caribbean, they will generate more business, and the economy will grow to the point where the weal th can be redistributed to the people. He reckoned that it would take, given the rate of growth that he observed in the Caribbean, one generation, thus a period between 40 and 50 years, to grow the economy and claim that poverty could be eradicated in this region. And yet the cost of this would be exploiting this generation, so that their children could benefit from it later. Hoselitz, as stated earlier, applied the ideas of Parsons and other sociologists to an analysis of the development process under the assumption, drawn from Adam Smith, that increasing productivity was associated with more detailed social divisions of labor: A society on a low level of economic development is, therefore, one in which productivity is low because division of labor is little developed, in which the objectives of economic activity are more commonly the maintenance or strengthening of status relations, which social and geographical mobility is low, and in which the hard cake of custom determines the manner, and often the effects, of economic performance. An economically highly developed society, in contrast, is characterized by a complex division of social labor, a relatively open social structure from which caste barriers are absent and class barriers are surmountable, in which social roles and gains from economic activity are distributed essentially on the basis of achievement, and in which, therefore, innovation, the search for and exploitation of profitable market situations, and the ruthless pursuit of self-interest without regard to the welfare of others is fully sanctioned. (Hoselitz, 1960: 60). These preceding theories both provide us with some preliminary indications and developments of views of modern social orders broader than that envisaged in the initial models provided. They stress the historical dimensions of the process of development, emphasizing that this process is not universal, something in the very nature of humanity or in the natural development of human societies. Instead, the modernization process is fully bound to a certain period in human history, even though in itself it is continuously developing and changing throughout this period. Development and the challenges it brings forward constitute a basic given for most contemporary societies. Though it certainly is pervasive in the contemporary setting, it is not necessarily irreversible in the future, and it would be wrong to assume that once these forces have impinged on any â€Å"society†, they naturally push toward a given, relatively fixed â€Å"end-plateau.† Rather, as we have seen, they evoke within different societies, in different situations, a variety of responses which depend on the broad sets of internal conditions of these societies, on the structure of the situation of change in which they are caught, and the very nature of the international system and relations, whether those of â€Å"dependency† or of international competition. Section 2 5) Briefly outline David Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage; then outline in greater detail Samir Amin’s theory of periphery capitalism and why he thinks that trade between the central and peripheral capitalist economies does not meet the conditions of Ricardo’s theory In 1817, David Ricardo, an English political economist, contributed theory of comparative advantage in his book ‘Principles of Political Economy and Taxation’. This theory of comparative advantage, also called comparative cost theory, is regarded as the classical theory of international trade. According to the classical theory of international trade, every country will produce their commodities for the production of which it is most suited in terms of its natural endowments climate quality of soil, means of transport, capital, etc. It will produce these commodities in excess of its own requirement and will exchange the surplus with the imports of goods from other countries for the production of which it is not well suited or which it cannot produce at all. Thus all countries produce and export these commodities in which they have cost advantages and import those commodities in which they have cost disadvantages. Ricardo states that even if a nation had an absolute disadvantage in the production of both commodities with respect to the other nation, mutually advantageous trade could still take place. The less efficient nation should specialize in the production and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is less. This is the commodity in which the nation has a comparative advantage. Ricardo takes into account the following assumptions: there are two countries and two commodities; there is a perfect competition both in commodity and factor market; cost of production is expressed in terms of labor; labor is the only factor of production other than natural resources; labor is homogeneous i.e. identical in efficiency, in a particular country; labor is perfectly mobile within a country but perfectly immobile between countries; there is free trade; production is subject to constant returns to scale; there is no technological change; trade between two countries takes place on barter system; full employment exists in both countries; there are no transport costs. In 1973, Samir Amin, an Egyptian political economist, begins his dialogue in Unequal Development by referring to Marx’s writing on non-European societies, namely India and China, and creates a work in which he reevaluates Peter Evans’ theory of Dependent Development and simultaneously presents his theory of peripheral capitalism in developing societies. He shows how these early ideas established the notion of the centre and the periphery, and how â€Å"the development of capitalism in the periphery was to remain extraverted, based on the external market, and could therefore not lead to a full flowering of the capitalist mode of production in the periphery†(199). He then begins to develop his own theory of the transition to peripheral capitalist economy by questioning David Ricardo’s assumptions in his theory of comparative advantage, and later outlines nine theses to support his views. Peripheral capitalism is based on, but not identical to, the imperialistic relationships developed between colonizing nations and their colonies. In this economic relationship, the players are the same – the colonizing nation becomes the â€Å"center†, while the colony becomes the â€Å"periphery† – but the role that each society plays is different from the classic imperialist relationship. The peripheral economy is marked by extreme dependence on external demand, or extroversion, as well as stunted and unequal rates of development within the society. Amin maintains that in order for these societies to break free of extroversion and develop, they must be actively removed from the peripheral capitalist relationship. He proposes nationalization and socialization as an alternative, a system which-when contrasted with peripheral capitalism-could not be a more different approach to economic development. Unfortunately for the developing nation s, socialism was largely unsuccessful as an economic experiment, consistently causing stagnation and underdevelopment in societies that attempted it. Peripheral capitalism evolves from colonial imperialism, an economic system in which the colonizing nation penetrates deep into the heart of the colonial economy in an effort to manipulate it towards the benefit of the mother country. Every aspect of the colonial economy is geared not towards the expansion of the colonial economy itself, but rather towards the production of something that the colonizing nation cannot produce itself. As a result, the success and the existence of a particular sector of the colonial economy is dependent upon whether or not the mother country has a need for that sector; colonial economies are rooted heavily in external demand. This extroversion leaves the colonial economy without an indigenous set of linkages, as economic sectors that will benefit from colonial activity function mostly within the economy of the colonizing nation. When autocentric, or internally-driven, economic growth is blocked in such a way that a peripheral economy emerges with the sa me sort of external dependence on the central economy that was suffered by the colonial economy. The peripheral economy is typically plagued by an unequal division of labor, or specialization, between itself and the central economy. While the latter enjoys the benefits and progress associated with industrialization, the periphery tends to remain predominantly agricultural. What little industry may exist in the peripheral economy is most often â€Å"light† industrial production of small, simple goods, as opposed to the â€Å"heavy† industrial production of machinery and complex products that characterizes the central economy. Additionally, Amin argues that there is often a â€Å"hypertrophy of the tertiary sector†(200) of the peripheral economy; too much of the economy is devoted to providing services, â€Å"expressed especially in the excessive growth of administrative expenditure†(201) effectively anchoring the society’s development due to a lack of productive advancement. Yet another malady of the peripheral economy is the reduced value of the local ‘multiplier effect’, another result of the remnants of economic infrastructure modification from the colonial period. If an economy is replete with linkage sectors, then any money put into the leading sector will generate a multiplied effect in all of the forward and backward linkages of that industry. Peripheral economies, however, are effectively stripped of linkages during their colonial phase of development hence spending in the peripheral economy ultimately benefits the central economy, where most of the peripheral industries’ linkages are realized. Not only is the local multiplier effect reduced in the peripheral economy, but Amin claims that it also leads to â€Å"the marked propensity to import†(201), and thus is in effect transferred to the central economy, where revenue is collected every time money is spent in the periphery. Because peripheral input ultimately goes abr oad, local businesses are not stimulated, as they would be if linkages were realized within the periphery, worsening the already-detrimental conditions of the peripheral economy. Adding to the lack of stimulation of local business is the fact that peripheral industries tend to be dominated by monopolies established from foreign capital. After the majority of revenue goes to the central economy through linkage industries, what little money remains in the local economy is often put into businesses controlled by central capitalists. In other words, almost every dollar put into the periphery ultimately finds its way to the central economy. In Unequal Development, Amin maintains that no economy can be expected to develop without successfully making the transition from extrovert to introvert so that it can â€Å"assert the dominance of the exporting sector over the economic structure as a whole†(203), and that no peripheral capitalist economy can independently heal the economic wounds inflicted by colonialism. Therefore, the only way to promote development in peripheral capitalist economies is to actively remove them from their disadvantageous relationship with the central economy, which, according to Amin, should be replaced by internal nationalization and socialization of the once-peripheral economy. The establishment of a nationalist socialist state would serve both to eliminate external dependence, as well as to reconcile the disarticulated nature of the local economy. The first critique of Ricardo’s theory made by Amin is its lack of specificity – claiming that his examples of trade between Portugal and England were very exclusive to intra-European trade and could not exactly be applied to relations between several different country relations around the World. If there is a large difference in GDP between two countries, then what statistics demonstrate is that the country with the smaller GDP would benefit more from this transaction, and this was â€Å"the source of special problems that dictate[d] development policies in the periphery that [were] different from those on which development of the West was based†(201); a factor that Ricardo hadn’t considered it in his theory. Another vital yet neglected consideration was the importance of the commodity in terms of a nations’ GDP: wine was a big section of the Portuguese GDP, greater than it was for England, so the trade benefited the Portuguese to a greater extent than it did to the British. He elaborates upon this idea by explaining how the relation between central and periphery assumes the mobility of capital, since the centre is investing greatly in the periphery. What the periphery chooses to specialize in is to a large extent determined by the centre, since very often the selection comes after it has been forced to serve the imperial country. As he clearly states, this type of trade â€Å"compels the periphery to confine itself to the role of complementary supplier of products for the production of which it possesses a natural advantage: exotic agricultural produce and minerals†(200). The result is a decrease in the level of wages in the periphery for the same level of productivity than at the centre, hence limiting the development of industries focused on the home market of the periphery. The disarticulation due to the adjustment of the orientation of production in the periphery to the needs of the centre prevents the transmission of the benefits of economic progress from the poles of development to the economy as a whole. Overall, this is what Amin defines by ‘unequal specialization’, which in turn violates the conditions of Ricardo’s theory. Another argument that Amin makes involved the Keynesian multiplier effect. He claims that this effect does not take place to the situation at the centre because of its advantaged stage of monopoly, characterized by difficulties in producing surplus. Due to this unequal specialization as well as the significant propensity to import that follows, the effect is a transferring of multip lier effect mechanisms and the accelerator theorem from the periphery to the centre. Furthermore, Amin includes the social aspect of this process, which is a result of the individual history of each nation and the power imbalance created. Amin finds that the nature of the pre-capitalist formations that took place previously and the epoch in which they became integrated in the capitalist system are both very important factors in determining the presence or lack of development to come. He also draws a line between two different terms, ‘peripheral formations’ and ‘young central formations’, whereby the latter, based on the predominance of a simple commodity mode of production, are capable of independently evolving towards a fully developed capitalist mode of production. Amin terminates by asserting â€Å"the domination by central capital over the system as a whole, and the vital mechanisms of primitive accumulation for its benefit which express this domination, subject the development of peripheral national capitalism to strict limitationsâ₠¬ (202). These countries would hence not gain equal benefits under this trade, only if the patterns of specialization were undertaken in more ideal conditions, conditions that approximated Ricardo’s theory more closely. Rather than being a positive force for development, this type of trade becomes a force created under development. It will contribute to development in the centre, and underdevelopment in the periphery. He concludes that this inevitably hinders the development of peripheral nations: â€Å"the impossibility, whatever the level of production per head that may be obtained, of going over to auto centric and auto dynamic growth†(202).